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1、第三章算催化剂第二讲宋伟明,H0 is less,the acid strength is increas,the acid strength of solid acid is increase as the pKa of indicator(指示剂)is less when it coloring,指示剂变色的pKa越低,则固体酸的酸强度越强,Back,故固体酸强度H0-11.9者谓之固体超酸或称超强酸(100%硫酸的酸强度H0为-11.9)。固体超强碱是指它的碱强度用碱强度函数H表示高于+26者。,F.Superacid H0-11.9 acid 100%sulfic acid H0=-1
2、1.9,3.1.1-Page 18,Back,对-硝基甲苯-11.35 间-硝基甲苯-11.99 硝基苯-12.14 对-硝基氟代苯-12.44 对-硝基氯代苯-12.70 间-硝基氯代苯-13.16 2,4-二硝基苯-13.76 2,4-二硝基氟代苯-14.52 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯-15.60 1,3,5-三硝基苯-16.04,指示剂,pKa值,B.Calorimeter(微量热法)用碱性物质来测定,放热越大,说明酸愈强。C.Normal butyl amine method(正丁胺滴定法)Measuring concentration and strength smaller than
3、 H0 D.Infra-red spectroscopy method(红外)Pyridine:B acid 1540cm-1 L acid 1450cm-1 E.TPD,3.1.2 Acid nature&catalysis,+H+,+CH3-+CH-CH3,CH3-+CH-CH3,CH2=CH-CH3+H+,1.The type of acid site and catalysisiSome reaction was catalyzed by B acid(脱烷基),another reaction was catalyzed by L acid(乙酰化),and some reactio
4、n was catalyzed by both acid(三聚乙醛解聚)。,2.Acaid strength and catalysis不同类型的催化反应对酸中心强度的要求不一样。表3-2二元氧化物的最大酸强度、酸类型和催化反应示例,图3-5 在H0-3的各种催化剂上酸量与三聚 甲醛解聚的一级速率常数的线性关系,3Acid amount and catalysis,3.2 Catalytic cracking,3.2.1 Introduction to petroleum 1 Kinds of petroleum 烷烃或石蜡基石油(此类我国多)环烷烃或沥青基石油 芳烃基石油 混合基石油(石蜡+
5、沥青基石油),Back,用常压或碱压蒸馏分离处理汽油、煤油、柴油、润滑油、石蜡和凡士林。Ethene,propene butene and other small molecule can be got by cracking process.Benzene and aromatic material can be got by reforming.,2 Separation of petroleum,Back,酸处理活性白土-硅酸铝-molecular sieve catalyst 3.2.2.1 Si&Al catalyst,3.2.2 Cracking catalyst,纯SiO2无 a
6、cid,nor L acid,so no activity of cracking.纯Al2O3存在极弱的 B or L acid site,3.2.2.1-Page,Al2O3有五种类型羟基,由于所处环境不同,有的可作为酸中心,有的可作为碱中心。,Back,3.2.2.1-Page 3,Back,SiO2-Al2O3无定型结构:,3.2.2.1-Page 3,Pauling principle:负离子的电荷等于它和相邻离子间键的静电力的总和。键的静电力定义为:正离子的电荷数和配位之比。Thomas rule:金属氧化物中加入价数或配位数不同的基元氧化物就产生活化的酸中心。,Back,3.2.
7、3.1 Heat cracking Heat cracking mechanism is free radical mechanism,催化裂化反应3.2.3 Catalytic cracking chemistry,+,1,H 2.断裂:RCH2CH2C H,H RC+CH2=CH2 H,最后成CH3,Back,3.2.3.1-Page 2,三特点:自由基断裂,少量的链转移,自由价不在碳之间转移,没有异构产物。,Back,Carbon cation mechanism碳正离子机理(1-1)Isomerization异构化,3.2.3.2 Catalytic cracking,H2C=CH-C
8、H2-CH2-CH3,H3C-CH=CH-CH2-CH3,+H+,-H+,+H+,-H+,Back,3.2.3.2 Page 2,(1-2)Polymerization and cracking聚合和裂化,CH2=CH-CH3,+H+,-H+,H2C=CH-CH3,-CH2=CH-CH3 断裂,Back,3.2.3.2 Page 3,RCH2C+HCH2CH2CH2R,C+H2-CH2-CH2-R,RCH2CH=CH2+,CH3-C+H-CH2-R,CH3-CH=CH2+R,两烯产物,Back,3.2.3.2 Page 4,(1-3)Desalkane(脱烷基),H+,-H+,-,+,+CH3
9、C+HCH3,-H+,+H+,CH3-CH=CH2,Back,3.2.3.2 Page 5,(2)Cracking of pure hydrocarbon(2-1)Alkane 链越长,容易形成正碳离子,易裂化(2-2)Alkene 烯烃更容易,R-CH=CH2,H+,R-C+H-CH3,R-CH-CH3,H+,R-C+H-CH3,Back,3.2.3.2 Page 6,.相同链时,烯烃更易裂化。.C2C5易发生氢转移成烷烃,或聚合成为积炭(积炭主要来源),CH2=CH-CH3,CH3-+CH-CH3,CH2=CH-CH3,Back,3.2.3.2 Page 7,(2-3)Cyclane easy:cyclane alkane alkene(2-4)Aromatic hydrocarbon,Back,3.2.3.2 Page 17,Back,用沸石催化的产物中饱和烃多,烯烃少 CAUSE:在沸石中的高的氢转移速率的结果,H-转移到正碳离子,或通过正碳离子氢转移至烯烃都使得在裂化过程中碳链的断裂在较高的分子量时就终止了。,作业:1.什么是酸量酸强?2.分子筛的结构与性能 3.催化裂化机理,