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1、Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961),Terms concerned:,“lost generation”迷惘的一代“code hero”准则英雄“grace under pressure”重压下保持优雅的风度“iceberg theory”冰山理论,“lost generation”,A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal an
2、d emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane,Ernest Hemingway,F.Scott Fitzgerald,and others.,“code hero”,Hemingway defined the Code Hero as a man who lives correctly,following the ideals of honor,courage and endurance in a world that is somet
3、imes chaotic,often stressful,and always painful.,The Code Hero measures himself by how well they handle the difficult situations that life throws at him.The Code believes in Nada,a Spanish word meaning nothing.Along with this,there is no after life.The Code Hero is typically an individualist and fre
4、e-willed.A final trait of the Code Hero is his dislike of the dark.,“iceberg theory”,economyunderstatement轻描淡写,A man is not made for defeat.a man can be destroyed but not defeated.,Group work,The plot is focused on the old man,the youngerwaiter and the older waiter.Try to find out all the informatio
5、n about eachcharacter and have a discussion in your group.,Questions:,1.Who is the main character?2.Compare the younger waiter and the old waiter in their attitudes towards the old man.whose attitude do you take to be closer to that of the author?Even though Hemingway does not editorially state his
6、own feelings,how does he make them clear to us?3.What is the significance of“a clean,well-lighted place”to the old man?,4.What in your view is the theme of“A Clean,Well-lighted Place”?5.What features can you find in the style of the story?,-conversations comparisons symbols,Symbols,the title“A Clean
7、,Well-Lighted Place”the“shadow of the leaves”“insomnia”“nada”,Our nada who art in nada,nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada.Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada;pues nada.我
8、们的虚无缥缈就在虚无缥缈中，虚无缥缈是你的名字，你的王国也叫虚无缥缈，你将是虚无缥缈中的虚无缥缈，因为原来就是虚无缥缈。给我们这个虚无缥缈吧，我们日常的虚无缥缈，虚无缥缈是我们的，我们的虚无缥缈，因为我们是虚无缥缈的，我们的虚无缥缈，我们无不在虚无缥缈中，可是，把我们打虚无缥缈中拯救出来吧；,“Our Father which art in heaven,hallowed be thy name.Thy kingdom comes.Thy will be done in earth,as it is in heaven.Give us this day our daily bread.And
9、forgive us out debts,as we forgive our debtors.And lead us not into temptation,but deliver us from evil:for thine is the kingdom,and the power,and the glory,for ever,A-men.”,Lords Prayer,parody模仿诗文,Literary Focus(Page 24-25),Existentialism(存在主义)and Hemingway-Existentialism is a twentieth-century phi
10、losophy arguing that ethical human beings are in a sense cursed with absolute free will in a purposeless universe.“existence before essence”;“meaninglessness of human life”;“existential freedom”-Hemingway:code hero(grace under pressure),Literary Focus(Page 38),Symbol(象征)-a symbol is a sign which sug
11、gests more than its literal meaning.-a symbol is an image but an image is not necessarily a symbol.1.the conventional symbols 2.the occasionally-coined symbols,相同之处：都是通过“象”这一形式来表达作者的内在情绪或思想。不同之处：意象是指在抒情性作品中，借助景物描写来传达出作者的感情，如王维：“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆。”就是借助景物形成意象，来表达心中的那种寥廓孤寂之情；而象征用于预言式的象征性文学中，是用一个形象来表达一个哲理，如最有名的伊索寓言，就是大量运用象征手法的一部作品。这种手法在现代派作品中非常常见，如卡夫卡的城堡。,Symbol vs.Image,Preparations for the next class:,Please find out some legends about“rice”and talk about them.Please read“Rice”by Mary Loh Chieu Kwuan(P36 42);,
