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1、1,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,2,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,EV 系统概述EV 101EV 充电系统EV 动力电池系统Functional Safety 在 EV 系统扮演的角色结论,议程大纲,3,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车系统=电动车+基础设施,EV 系统概述,4,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车系统市场化驱动力,5,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,The invention of the electric vehicle is attributed to various people.In 1828,Anyos Jedlik,a
2、Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor,created a tiny model car powered by his new motor.1 In 1834,Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport,the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor,installed his motor in a small model car,which he operated on a short circular electrified tra
3、ck.2In 1835,Professor Sibrabdus Stratingh of Groningen,the Netherlands and his assistant Christoper Becker created a small-scale electrical car,powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.3,电动车发展史 最早的电动车,6,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动火车(1838)充电式电动车(1865)100km/h的记录(1899),其他里程碑,their-really-any-new-ideas-1900-
4、porsche-e/,7,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,静音低速扭力减少碳以及其他污染物排放动力机构简化低化石燃料依赖性,电动车的其他优势,8,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,由动力来源区分由动力规模区分,电动车依据动力来源种类分类,单一电源、单一充电模式(BEV)单一动力源、混合充电模式(HEV)多动力来源(PHEV),轻型电动车电动车,9,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,USJapanEUChinaTaiwan,全球试运行项目,10,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,The EV ProjectProject Get ReadySolar City,US,http:
5、/,http:/,http:/,11,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Small Network ProjectChaDeMo,Japan,http:/,12,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,FrenchItalyGermanySpian?Uk?,EU,EV Charging Plan,http:/jcwinnie.bix/wordpress/?p=5832,E-Moving,E-Mobility Berlin,electric-cars/,13,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ChinaTaiwanHK,Greater China,十城千辆,花卉博览会政府军队坪林、澎湖环保
6、署电动机车交换电池计划,中电,14,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Mitsubishi INissan LEAFFord TRANSIT connect electricTesla Roadster Sport 2.5TH!NK City,2010年电动车款,15,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Coda Automotive SedanTesla Motors model SFord Focus electricBMW ActiveE,2011年的电动车款,AAAACik/WnPvWhKNLc/s400Renault+EV+2009_Renualt_Zoe.jpg,16,电动车
7、充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Fial 500 minicaraudi e-tronHonda Fit EVAudi R8 EV,2012年的电动车款,17,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Mercedes SLS E-Cell AMGVW Golf Blue-e-motionBMW i3,2013年的电动车款,18,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,国际间已经逐渐开始投入电动车系统目前投入电动车系统的阵营主要为汽车制造商、大型锂电池制造商电动车目前系统尚未统一，动力来源不同、补充动力方式也尚未统一,Summary,19,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车101-电动车系
8、统一重要数据,20,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,一般道路车辆跑车,石油车的一般表现要求,加速性,加速续航力100 liter fuel tank车重1000 kg,0100 km/h,8 second,1500 kg,300 km per refuel,续航力,车重,0100 km/h,3 second,21,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,依据目前较为成熟的电动车技术，可以先从一般的房车要求下手，为了计算上的方便，我们利用下面的假设与简化、进行各项电动车特性与要求的概略推算，并且不考虑转换效率、摩擦力、热损等因素功能要求设计条件,石油车与电动车的模拟关系与条件设定,加速：01
9、08 km/h,10 second(跑车大多为6秒，赛车则是3秒)续航力：100 km per recharge(住家离公司10公里，每周充电一次)车重：1,500 kg(电池是具备重量的),功率输出(影响加速)电池容量(影响续航力)充电条件(影响使用便利性)动转成本(影响市场驱动力),22,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,由加速要求推测加速度要求V=V0+a*t a=108km/h x 1,000m/km 10 second=3m/s2由加速度与车重，推算推力要求假设以全力输出10秒钟，推算大约行走距离在行走距离间所做的功由总功与总时间，推算平均功率,功率要求推算,F=m*a=1,50
10、0 kg*3m/s2=4,500 nt,D=V0*t+1/2*a*t2=0.5*3*102=105 m,W=F*D=4,500*150=675 KJ,P=W T=675 10 s=67.5 KW(90Hp),23,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,假设续航力是100km，在达到108km/h后等速前进的时间如果只需要用马达全功率的1/2就可维持108km/h的定速，全程需要的总能量为以市售高性能锂电池为例前例电动车需要的电池总量为,电池容量要求推算,t=(100,000 m 150 m)30m/s=3,328 seconds,W=67.5KW*10 second+67.5kw*3,328
11、second=112,995 KJ 113MJ,(),输出电压为6.8V 容量为3900mAh 重量为195g,113*1,000,000 J(6.8V*3900 mA*0.001*3600 sec)*195 g=230 Kg!(续航力或是马力要提高，电池会更重!),24,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,如果电能容量为113MJ，针对理想电池(线性充电)的充电的条件将会是,充电条件推算,如果采用的是家中一般插座的电源（110V15A）时,如果采用一般工厂的三相电源（380V 30A）,I=113MJ 600V 600 second=314A!功率W=I*V=188.4KW,W=I*V*t
12、 t=113MJ 10V 15A=68,485 sec 19 hours!(太慢了),t=113MJ 380V 30A=68,485 sec 2.75 housrs!(仍然很长!),假设利用住宅区的基础线路(600V)，而且充电时间要在10分钟内（一杯咖啡）完成时，需要多少电流？,一般的标准工业厂房（100m2）配电功率仅为11.25KW，所以在充电的时候相当于17间标准 厂房要停电10分钟！,25,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,以行走100KM进行计算,锂电池式电动车运转电力成本粗估,一般汽油车市区行驶,电价：1度（1KWh）:USD10 cnet$=113MJ 1 KW 3600
13、sec*10 cent USD 3!,效率：10 km/liter油价：USD1/liter$=100/10*1=USD 10,前例电动车行驶模式,实际情况必须视电力转换效率而变化,26,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,一般的所谓安全电流、电压、功率范围（Nou-hazardous,Class II)的定义是所以上述的任何一种充电条件都不可能是安全无虞的！,充电系统的绝缘安全性问题,30VDC maximum，8A maximum and 100W maximum!,27,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,仅就传导线在进行10分钟快速充电时会产生的热进行考量,充电系统发热问题的产生,
14、文献记载铜导体的体积电阻率为16.78nm,铜线电阻为 通电300A后10分钟将会产生热量为 如果采用PVC作为绝缘外被，假设导热的厚度仅有0.2cm，比重大约为1,如果将上例中的导体长度维持不变，但是导体直径变为一半时（节省成本），PVC导热厚度 不变,依据奥姆定律，产生热量为4倍，导热材料质量变为1/3，温度上升量将可以达到12倍（80），PVC将会产生熔化的情况!,16.78 nm*10-9*2 m(0.01 m*0.01 m*3.14 4)0.004275,W=I2*R=300 A*300 A*0.004275 400 joule,绝缘外被导热区热质量为(1.2 cm*1.2 cm 1
15、 cm*1 cm)*3.14 4*200 cm 70 g PVC的比热约为0.9J/g*K，所以400J的热可以让PVC导热区上升400 joule 0.9J/Gk 6.5（还算可以接受!）,28,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车辆的重要电气零组件（例）,马达控制器与车用变频器高电压空调控制器马达水泵变频器齿轮箱,模式调变器真空泵高电压冷热媒控制器车辆控制器电池组AC充电器,29,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,充电器车外充电器电力输出插座充电连接线组充电系统漏电断路器充电连接线材电表,电动车基础设施-充电系统,30,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,接地系统电阻与允许电
16、流危险区域内产生的接触或是非接触性的电弧突波、雷击室外、污染环境电磁兼容震动温差变化大控制系统稳定性,其他可见的电动车安全性问题,31,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL与IEC在电动车系统现行标准对照表,32,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,2011新标准制定活动,33,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车的电池重量与续航力的设定有关电动车的充电速率会影响到充电系统的设计电动车在能源价格上确实有优势电动车也存在本质上的安全问题,结论,34,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电动车基础设施,35,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,充电式 更换式（Swapping）
17、添加式,电动车基础设施依据动力补充模式分类,传导式（Conductive）感应式（Inductive）,Better Place,燃料电池油电混合动力,36,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,电力源,电动车充电电力来源分类,铅蓄电池镍氢电池锂电池燃料电池超级电容化石燃料太阳能风力,solar-powered-electric-car-would-it-work,37,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,充电模式,传导式充电模式分级,传导式,Level 1 Level 2 DC Level 3,38,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,http:/_ChargeInductive cha
18、rging system used to charge battery electric vehicles(BEV)formerly made by General Motors,for vehicles such as the EV1,Chevy S10 EV,and other electric vehicles.The most common was the 6.6 kW version although a higher power fast charge versions was demonstrated.Magne Charge support was withdrawn by G
19、eneral Motors in 2002,after the California Air Resources Board settled on a conductive charging interface for electric vehicles in California.,感应式充电Magne ChargeDelco Electronics,39,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr(IAV)KAIST,Online Electric Vehicle(OLEV),行进感应充电,40,电动车充电系统与动力电
20、池安全规范现况,In 1972,Mercedes built an electrically powered people carrier called the LE 306.Its 31kW(42hp)motor could zip it along at 70km/h(44mph),with a range of 65 km(40 miles).,电池交换概念的滥觞-Mercedes,41,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,http:/the-solution-batteries,现在的电池交换概念 Better Place,42,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,加凡尼(Galv
21、anic)电池 VS 燃料电池锂电池 VS 镍电池高功率 VS 高能量密度交换式 VS 充电式？传导充电式 VS 感应充电式？,不同充电模式的优缺点比较？,43,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL在EV基础设施的安规标准与测试方法摘录,44,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,再生能源并网 AC 充电模式标准分布图,Energy GeneratorUL 1703 Flat PVUL 8703 cpvUL 6141 Large WTUL 6142 S&m WT,Inverter/ConverterUL 1741 for PVUL 6171 for WT,GridConnectionNE
22、C,ControlsUL 508 ICEUL 991 PLCUL 1998 SoftwareUL 60730 Module,PersonnelProtectionSystemsUL 2231,I.T.AccessoriesUL 60950,MeterUL 61010-1MeasurementUL 2735 Meter,ACChargingStationUL 2594,Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL 2251,EV,45,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,再生能源直接充电模式标准分布图,Energy GeneratorUL 1703 Flat PVUL 6141 l
23、arge WTUL 6142 S&M WT,ConverterUL 1741 for PVUL 6171 for WT,EnergyStorageFuel Cell StackLarge Batteries Pack,Control PanelUL 508 ICEUL 991 PLCUL 1998 SoftwareUL 60730 Module,PersonnelProtectionSystemsUL 2231,I.T.AccessoriesUL 60950,MeterUL 61010-1MeasurementUL 2735 Meter,DCChargingStationUL 2594/UL
24、2202,Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL 2251,EV,ConverterUL 1741,46,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,标准发展时间表,47,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2202,标准-电动车DC充电设备,This category covers conductive and inductive charging system equipment,intended for use with electric vehicle.Off-board equipment is intended for indoor or indoor use,
25、raded 600 V or less and is intended to be connected to the vehicle by means of a flexible cord and an electric vehicle connector.,48,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,48 Leakage Current Test 49 Leakage Current Test 50 Power Input Tst 51 Temperature Test 52 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test 53 Volt-Ampere Capacity
26、Measurement 54 Abnormal Tests,55 Flanged Bobbin Transformer Abnormal Test 56 Strain Relief and Flexing Tests 57 Grounding Impedance Test 58 Overcurrent Protection calibration Test 59 Strength of Terminal Insulating Base and support Test 60 Bonding Conductor Test 61 Impact on Glass Covered Openings 6
27、2 Evaluation of Reduced Spacings on Printed-Wiring Boards 63 Heat Sink Temperature Cycling Test 34 Tests for Permanence of Cord Tag 65 Tests on Transformer Insulating Materials 66 Bus Bar Tests 67 Harmonic Distortion Test,UL 2202 测试项目,52.2 Maximum-Voltage-Withstand Test 52.3 AC and DC power circuits
28、 52.4 Secondary circuits52.5 Induced potential,54.2 Transformer burnout test 54.3Transformer overload test 54.4 Short circuit test 54.5 Overcharge test 54.6 Capacitor fault test54.7 Forced ventilation test54.8 Component short-and open-circuit test54.9 Electrilytic capacitor fualt test54.10 Vibration
29、 test,56.1 Strain relief 56.2 flexing,64.2 Shorted trace test,64.2 Test conditions 64.3 Test method,49,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2594,标准-电动车AC充电设备,1.1 This outline covers electric vehicle(EV)supply equipment.Rated a maximum of 250 V ac,with a frequency of 60 Hz,and intended to provide power to an electr
30、ic vehicle with an on-board charging unit.This outline covers electric vehicle supply equipment intended for use where ventilation is not required.1.2 With reference to 1.1,the products covered by this outline include EV cord sets and EV charging stations.EV cord sets may be designated as portable c
31、ord sets or stationary cord sets and by designated for indoor or otdoor use.EV charging stations may be designated as either movable or permanent charging stations and may by designated for indoor or oudoor use.1.3 The products covered by this outline are intended for use in accordance with the Nati
32、onal Electrical Code(NEC),ANSI/NFPA 70.1.5 With reference to 1.2,this outline does not cover electric vehicle charging units.,50,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,44 Leakage Current Test 45 Leakage Current Test Following Humidity Conditioning 46 Input Test 47 Temperature Test 48 Capacitor Discharge Test 49 Dielect
33、ric Voltage Withstand Test,50 Abnormal Tests 51 Flanged Bobbin Transformer Abnormal Test 52 Strain Relief Tests,UL 2594 安规测试项目,49.2 Maximum voltage measurements 49.3 AC and DC power circuits(primary)49.4 Secondary circuits49.5 Induced potential,50.2 Transformer burnout test 50.3 Transformer overload
34、 test 50.4 Short circuit test 50.5 Capacitor fault test 50.6 Forced Ventilation test 50.7 Component fault tests 50.8 Electrolytic capacitor fault test 50.9 Vibration test,52.2 Pull strain relief test 52.3 Push back strain relief test,51,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,53 EV Cable Secureness Test 54.1 Grounding T
35、ests 55 impact Test 56 Vehicle Drive Over Test 57 Drop Test 58 Strength of terminal Insulating Base and Support 59 Impact on Glass Covers 60 Bonding Conductor Tests 61 Evaluation of Reduced Spacings on Printed Wiring Boards,62 Mounting Means Test 63 Strength of Handles 64 Mold Stress Test 65 Environ
36、mental Tests,Contd,60.2 Current test 60.3 Limited short circuit test,65.2 Drip test 65.3 Dust test 65.4 Indoor setting dust test 65.5 Indoor circulating dust test 65.6 Extemal icing test 65.7 Hosedown test65.8 Indoor corrosion protection,54.1 Ground impedance tests 54.2 Ground continuity test,52,电动车
37、充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,66 Tests for Permanence of Cord Tags 67 tests on Transformer Insulating Materials,68 Harmonic Distortion 69 Metallic Coating Thickness Test 70 Comparative Tracking Index Test 71 Glow Wire test 72 High Current Atc resistance to Ignition Test 73 Overcurrent Protection Calibration Test,
38、Contd,65.9 Outdoor corrosion protection 65.10 Additional corrosion protection 65.11 Submersion test 65.12 Pressure test 65.13 Gasket test 65.14 Water exposure test 65.15 UV exposure 65.46 Chemical exposure,53,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2231-1,2.,标准-电动车充电系统个人防护设备,This category covers ground-fault protecti
39、ve devices,such as charging circuit interrupting devices and isolation monitor/interrupters,intended for use with electric vehicle charging systems.A charging circuit interrupting device is one whose function is to detect ground fault current or other conditions that may be hazardous and cause inter
40、ruption of the electric circuit to the charging system or the vehicle when a fault occurs.It may also function under other hazardous conditions,such as when an open-ground is detected.,54,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 62,标准-电动车用电线电缆,This category covers electric vehicle cable Listed for use in accordance wi
41、th Article 400 of the NEC.The insulation and jacket are of thermoset material for Types EVJ and EV,thermoplastic elastomer(TPE)for Types EVJT and EVT.The cable is used to supply power,signal,and control to electric vehicles during the charging process.Electric vehicle cable employs stranded copper c
42、onductors in a size range of 18 AWG to 500 kcmil.,55,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,UL 2251UL 2580,UL 2271UL 2231-1and-2,已知标准内对聚合物认证的安规要求,Insulating Materials(Sec 8)Nonmetallic Enclosures(Par 10.3)Perfomance Tests(secs 24-29),Electrical Flammability Thermal Properties Outdoor Use Gaskets and Seals,Thermal Prope
43、rties Outdoor Use Gaskets and Seals,目前尚未有特殊相关要求,56,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,AEROVIRONMENT INCEBUS INCELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION NEGINEERINGTOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORP,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Feb.)-UL 2202(电池充电器),FFTG.E189046,FFTG.E249593,FFTG.E175032,FFTG.E176041,57,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,PANASONIC CORPORATIONDIPL-ING W B
44、ENDER GMBH&CO KGTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CORP,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Feb.),FFUQ2/FFQU2.E333831,FFUQ2.E193871,FFUQ2.E174400,-UL 2231(人员电击保护设备),58,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,AVCON CORPBMW OF NORTH AMERICA L L CDELPHI CORPITT CORP BIW CONNECTOR SYSTEMSITT VEAM L L CREMA USA L L CYAZAKI PARTS CO LTD,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/F
45、eb.),FFV12.E176673,-UL 2251(充电接口连接),FFV12.E324315,FFV12.E337206,FFV12.E231479,FFV12.E330790,FFV12.E338388,FFV12.E176488,59,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,AEROVIRONMENT INCAVCON CORPCLIPPERCREEK INCCLIPPERCREEK INCCOULOMB TECHNOLOGIES INCELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING CORP,GENERAL ELECTRIC COLEVITON MFG CO
46、INCPANASONIC CORPORATIONPANASONIC ELECTRIC WORKS CO LTDSCHNEIDER ELECTRIC USA INCSIEMENS ENERGY INC,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Apr.),-UL 2594(AC充电设备),FFWA.E336193,FFWA.E194089,FFWA.E325742,FFWA.E162210,FFWA.E341977,FFWA.E328478,FFWA.E338793,FFWA.E336847,FFWA.E336867,FFWA.E319488,FFWA.E338176,FFWA.E341456,60
47、,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,BELDEN WIRE&CABLE COCOLEMAN CABLE INCDONGGUAN NISTAR TRANSMITTINGDRAKA CABLETEQ USA INCDYDEN CORP SAGA PLANTFUJI ELECTRIC WIRE CO LTDGENERAL CABLE INDUSRIES L L CLAKE CABLE L L C,NICHGOH COMMUNICATION ELECTRIC WIRENORTHWIRE INCPHILATRON INTERNATIONALPRESTRLITE WIRE CORPSOUTHWIRE
48、COTYCO ELECTRONICS/MADISON CABLEWELL SHIN TECHNOLOGY CO LTDYAZAKI ELECTRIC WIRE CO LTD,目前全球取得UL认可制造商(2011/Feb.),-UL 62内EV Cables,FFSO.E324273,FFSO.E312819,FFSO.E341742,FFSO.E338008,FFSO.E338734,FFSO.E333751,FFSO.E333326,FFSO.E344857,FFSO.E324180,FFSO.E334551,FFSO.E325807,FFSO.E313310,FFSO.E339497,FF
49、SO.E345037,FFSO.E337756,FFSO.E312614,61,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,其他EV 基础设施的全球标准化现况,62,电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况,ISO 8713 Electric road vehicle Vocabulary-2nd EditionISO 8714 Electric road vehicle Reference energy consumption and range Test procedures for passenger cars and light commercial vehiclesISO 8715 Elect
50、ric Road Operating Characteristics-1st EditionISO 6469.1 Electrically propelled road vehicles Safety specifications Part 1:On-board rechargeable energy storage system(RESS)2nd EditionISO 6469.2 Electrically propelled road vehicles Safety specifications Part 2:Vehicle operational safety means and pro
