计算机专业英语chapter.ppt

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1、Computer English,Chapter 12 Multimedia,Key points:useful terms and definitions of MultimediaDifficult points:Applications of multimedia,Requirements:,Multimedia Equipments,2.What is multimedia?,3.Main elements of multimedia,4.了解英文摘要的写作技巧,New Words&Expressions:Audio sound n.声音retention n.保留,保持Static

2、Graphics Images 静态图像aid v.援助,帮助animation n.动画 full-motion video 全运动影像,12.1 Multimedia,Abbreviations:MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)乐器数字接口,Multimedia EquipmentMultimedia requires sound and graphics capability.A speedy processor chip plus a CD-ROM drive or DVD drive are also desirable.Today

3、,multimedia components are standard equipment even on many inexpensive computers.多媒体设备多媒体需要声音和图形功能。还需要一个快速的处理器芯片再配上个CD-ROM或DVD驱动器。现在,即使在很多廉价计算机上,多媒体部件也是作为标准设备。,12.1 Multimedia,A sound card gives a computer the capability to record and play sound files as well as video sound tracks.Housed within the

4、system unit,a sound card contains connectors that project from the back of the computer so that you can attach speakers,headphones,and a microphone.Expensive sound cards include circuitry for special audio effects,such as 3-D sound.The quality of your computers speakers and headphones can also affec

5、t the quality of the sound that you hear.声卡为计算机提供了录制与放映声音文件的功能,作用类似于录音带。声卡安装在系统机箱内,它在计算机后面有一些突出的接口,可供用户将扬声器、耳机和麦克风插在上面。机器配置的扬声器和耳机的质量也会影响到你听到的音质。,12.1 Multimedia,12.1 Multimedia,A CD-ROM drive allows your computer to access audio and software CD-ROMS.Multimedia elementsespecially videosrequire lots

6、of storage space.Rather than store huge amounts of multimedia data on a computers hard disk,the data can be stored on a CD-ROM,which you insert only when you want to access the multimedia elements.A DVD drive can access multimedia data from CD-ROMs as well.A DVD also allows you to watch feature-leng

7、th movies on your computer.CD-ROM驱动器允许计算机访问光盘内的音频和软件特别是视频需要大量的存储空间。人们并不把大量的多媒体数据存储在电脑硬盘上,而是存放在只读光盘上,只有需要访问多媒体数据时,才将光盘插入驱动器。一个DVD驱动器可以访问CD-ROM中的多媒体信息,也能让你在计算机上观赏高质量的电影。,12.1 Multimedia,Your computers graphics card takes signals from the processor and uses them to“paint”an image on the screen.A graphi

8、cs card is installed inside the computers system unit and provides a connection for the monitors data cable.Your computers graphics card has to do a lot of work and must do it quickly.To display videos,for example,it repaints every pixel on the screen 15 times per second.More expensive“accelerated”g

9、raphics cards are equipped with circuitry that optimizes such tasks.计算机的图形卡接收来自处理器的信号,并在屏幕上画出图形。图形卡安装在机器的机箱内,并提供调制解调器的数据电缆的接口。计算机的图形卡需要快速的做大量工作。比如,为了显示图像,每个像素每秒必须重画15次。为了优化此类工作,电路需安装更昂贵的加速图形卡。,A fast processor can quickly handle the huge amount of digital data that is required to store and produce m

10、ultimedia.The faster the processor,the more data it can process each second.A computer with a fast processor outputs smooth video sequences with a sound track that is perfectly coordinated with the action.The popularity of multimedia has caused chipmakers to equip processor chips with special multim

11、edia capabilities that speed up multimedia features such as sound and video.一个快速处理器能快速处理需要存储并生成多媒体的大量数字数据。处理器越快,每秒处理的数据越多。配有快速处理器的计算机输出光滑的配有动作的声音影像。多媒体的流行使得芯片制造商开始配置具有特殊多媒体功能的处理器芯片,以加速声音和图像等多媒体性能。,12.1 Multimedia,New Words&Expressions:Audio sound n.声音 retention n.保留,保持Static Graphics Images 静态图像aid

12、v.援助,帮助animation n.动画 full-motion video 全运动影像,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,Abbreviations:MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)乐器数字接口,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,We break the word multimedia into its component parts,we get multi-meaning more than one,and media-meaning form of communication.Those

13、types of media include:.Text.Audio Sound.Static Graphics Images.Animation.Full-Motion Video 如果我们把multimedia这个词分开,我们便得到multi多,和media媒体。媒体类型包括:文本 声音 静态图像 动画 动态视频Logical Structures.Identifying these logical relationships is a job of the data administrator.A data definition language is used for this pur

14、pose.The DBMS may then employ one of the following logical structuring techniques during storage access,and retrieval operations 1:逻辑结构。确定这些逻辑关系是数据管理者的任务,由数据定义语言完成。DBMS在存储、访问和检索操作过程中可选用以下逻辑构造技术:,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,All of the Above You can see that multimedia is by on means just one of the p

15、receding technologies.Because of what hardware can and cannot do,it is often a trade-off between a certain number of static graphics images,audio sound,full-motion video and text.As you may guess,textual information takes the least amount of space to store.总结显然多媒体决不是一种从前的技术,由于硬件的能力要权衡选择静态图像、声音、全运动影像

16、和文本,可以推测,文本信息占用存储空间最小。,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,Even if a multimedia machine had unlimited resources,you would still want to add a combination of these multimedia technologies.For example,although a picture is worth a thousand words,it would be difficult to portray the work of William Shakespeare

17、 through pictures only.The same goes for audio sound.You could record the sound of church bells and a narration of the Bible,but at times you would rather have the Bible in textual format,which would allow you to search for certain key words.即使多媒体机有无限的资源,人们仍想增加融这些多媒体技术于一体的综合技术。例如,尽管“一图胜千言”,但仍难以只用图像表

18、述完莎士比亚的著作,仅用声音当然也不行。你可以记录教堂的钟声和圣经的叙述,但你仍愿使用文本形式的圣经,因为它可以使你查找某些关键词。,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,New Words&Expressions business strength 具有事务处理能力的chore n.家务杂事arcade 带拱顶街道unleash v.释放playback v.重播,读出synthesizer n.综合器,合成器mixer n.混合者,搅拌器thruport n.吞吐量buzzword n.时髦词语,漂亮口号jargon n.行话,术语frame n.帧j

19、erky a.急拉的,急动的,Abbreviations:MPC(Multimedia Personal Computer)多媒体个人计算机CD-ROM(Compact Disc-Read Only Memory)光盘只读存储器MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)乐器数字接口,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,What is MPC?MPC stands for“multimedia personal computer”.The requirements for an MPC are described

20、in detail in Microsofts Multimedia PC Specification Version 1.0.here are the key elements of the specification:BASE SYSTEM:a Windows-capable 2 system with a 10-MHz 286 or faster CPU;at least 2MB of RAM;a 30 MB or larger hard disk;a 3.5-inch 1.44 MB floppy drive;a 101-key keyboard;a two-button mouse;

21、and parallel,serial,and joystick ports.什么是MPC?MPC是指“多媒体个人计算机”。Microsoft公司的“多媒体PC机规范1.0版”一书对MPC机进行了详细描述。以下是此规范的要求:基本系统:一个能运行Windows的系统。它采用10MHz时钟的286或速度更快的CPU;至少有2兆字节的RAM;30兆字节或更大的硬盘空间;3.5英寸1.44兆字节的软盘驱动器;101键盘;两按钮的鼠标器以及并行、串行的控制杆端口。,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,VIDEO:standard VGA is all thats

22、 required;CD-ROM:a CD-ROM drive that transfers at least 150 K of data per second without taking up more than 40 percent of the CPUs attention,play CD audio,and has an average access time of 1 second or less.AUDIO:a sound board with 8-bit,11.025-kHz sampling and 22.05-kHz playback;a synthesizer capab

23、le of playing eight notes simultaneously using five different sounds;a mixer to combine CD audio,sampling,and synth;a microphone input;and MIDI in,out,and thruports.视频:标准的VGA显示器即可。CD-ROM:要求CD-ROM光驱的数据传输速率至少为每秒150 K,不能占用40%以上的CPU时间,能播放CD,平均存取时间为1秒或更短。音频功能:一块8位的、11.025kHz取样和22.05kHz回放的声卡;能同时放8个使用5种不同音

24、色的音律的合成器;能把光盘音频、取样和合成声音混合起来的混声器;麦克风输入;MIDI(乐器数字接口)输入、输出和通路。,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,Every new technology has its own buzzwords,and sorting them out can be real detective work.The following is two jargons of MPC.FULL-MOTION VIDEO:Full-motion video is digitally recorded video played back

25、 at the broadcast standard of 30 frames per second,or close enough to that speed so the video appears smooth rather than jerky.MIDI:MIDI is short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface,a standard specification developed by music synthesizer manufacturers.The concept of being able to control severa

26、l instruments from one keyboard has grown into a method for putting musical instruments,tape recorders,VCRs,mixers,and even stage-lighting under the control of a single computer.每一种新技术都有它自己的术语,将它们进行分类是一项非常精细的工作,下面是MPC的两个术语。全运动图像:全运动图像是以数字方式记录的视频图像,以每秒30帧的电视广播标准或者非常接近于此的速度重现图像,因而这些视频图像看上去很自然,没有跳跃感。MI

27、DI:MIDI是乐器数字接口的缩写。它是由音乐合成器制造商开发的标准规范。从一个键盘能控制几个乐器的想法已变为现实,它能把乐器、磁带录音机、录像机、混声器、甚至舞台灯光等置于单台计算机的控制之下。,英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。论文摘要是全文的精华,是对一项科学研究工作的总结,对研究目的、方法和研究结果的概括。一、摘要的种类与特点摘要主要有以下四种。第一种是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表的摘要。这种摘要置于主体部分之前,目的是让读者首先了解一下论文的内容,以便决定是否阅读全文。一般来说,这种摘要在全文完成之后写。字数限制在100150字之间。内容包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和主

28、要结论。第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写,目的是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅,从而决定是否能够录用。所以,比第一种略为详细,长度在200300字之间。会议论文摘要的开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题的意义、目的、宗旨等。如果在写摘要时,研究工作尚未完成,全部研究结果还未得到,那么,应在方法、目的、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。,英文摘要的写作技巧,英文摘要的写作技巧,第三种为学位论文摘要。学士、硕士和博士论文摘要一般都要求用中、英文两种语言写。学位论文摘要一般在400字左右,根据需要可以分为几个段落。内容一般包括研究背景、意义、主旨和目的;基本理论依据,基本假设;研究方

29、法;研究结果;主要创新点;简短讨论。不同级别的学位论文摘要,要突出不同程度的创新之处,指出有何新的观点、见解或解决问题的新方法。第四种是脱离原文而独立发表的摘要。这种摘要更应该具有独立性、自含性、完整性。读者无需阅读全文,便可以了解全文的主要内容。,英文摘要的写作技巧,二、摘要的内容与结构摘要内容一般包括:目的(objectives,purposes):包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义。方法(methods and materials):包括材料、手段和过程。结果与简短讨论(results and discussions):包括数据与分析。结论(conclus

30、ions):主要结论,研究的价值和意义等。概括地说,摘要必须回答“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”等问题。无论哪种摘要,语言特点和文体风格也都相同。首先必须符合格式规范。第二,语言必须规范通顺,准确得体,用词要确切、恰如其分,而且要避免非通用的符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外,摘要的语气要客观,不要做出言过其实的结论。,英文摘要的写作技巧,三、学术期刊论文摘要1、摘要的目的摘要是论文的梗概,提供论文的实质性内容的知识。摘要的目的在于:给读者关于文献内容的足够的信息,使读者决定是否要获得论文。2、摘要的要素1)目的研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务,所涉及的主题范围。

31、2)方法所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等。3)结果实验的、研究的结果、数据,被确定的关系,观察结果,得到的效果、性能等。4)结论结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用,提出的问题等。3、摘要的篇幅摘要的篇幅取决于论文的类型。但无论哪一种论文,都不能超过150 words。,英文摘要的写作技巧,4、摘要的英文写作风格(公认的英文摘要写作规范)1)句子完整、清晰、简洁。2)用简单句。为避免单调,改变句子的长度和句子的结构。3)用过去时态描述作者的工作,因它是过去所做的。但是,用现在时态描述所做的结论。4)避免使用动词的名词形式。如:正:“Thickness of pl

32、astic sheet was measured”误:“measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made”5)正确地使用冠词,既应避免多加冠词,也应避免蹩脚地省略冠词。如:正:“Pressure is a function of the temperature”误:“The pressure is a function of the temperature”;,英文摘要的写作技巧,4、摘要的英文写作风格6)使用长的、连串的形容词、名词、或形容词加名词来修饰名词。为打破这种状态,可使用介词短语,或用连字符连接名词词组中的名词,形成修饰单元。例如

33、:应写为“The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high melt index”,而不写为“The chlorine containing high melt index-propylene based polymer”7)使用短的、简单的、具体的、熟悉的词。不使用华丽的词藻。8)使用主动语态而不使用被动语态。“A exceeds B”读起来要好于“B is exceeded by A”。使用主动语态还有助于避免过多地使用类似于“is”,“was”,“are”和“were”这样的弱动词。,英文摘要的写作技巧,4、摘要的英文写作风格

34、9)构成句子时,动词应靠近主语。避免形如以下的句子:“The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane,which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation,was no longer irreversible.”改进的句子,应当是:“When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane,decolorization was irreversible,after 10 hr of UV irradiation.”10)避免使用那些既不说明问题,又没有任何含意的短语。例如:“specially designed or formulated”,“The author discusses”,“The author studied”应删去。不使用俚语、非英语的句子,慎用行话和口语,不使用电报体。,

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