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1、词类,英语中的单词可以分为十大词类：1 名词 n.teacher,book等。2 代词 pron.we,me,he 等。3 数词 num.two,fifth 等。4 动词 v.work,study,live 等。5 形容词 adj.good,big,beautiful 等。6 副词 adv.fast,quickly等。7 冠词 art.a,an,the等。8 介词 prep.in,on,by,with等。9 连词 conj.and,but等。10 感叹词 interj.Oh,ah等。,名词,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。如Beijing，Ch
2、ina等。专有名词第一个字母要大写,且都是不可数名词。,普通名词,1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数名词,名词复数的规则变化,以s,sh,ch,x等结尾 加-es bus-buses/watch-watches 以ce,se,ze,等结尾 加-s license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es baby-babies
3、 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：加es，如potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes 但是，以元音+o 或oo结尾的词 只加 s radio-radios zoo-zoos；,以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：belief-beliefs roof-roofsb.去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-thief-c.既可是规则变化也可是不规则变化，如：dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves hoof-hoofs/hooves,名词复数的不规则变化,1
4、）child-children foot-feet man-men tooth-teeth mouse-mice womanwomen2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths，politics，physics学科名词,news等,名词的格,英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加s，如the b
5、oys bag 男孩的书包，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如mens room 男厕所。2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。3）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间）,冠词,不使用冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,aan,the,零冠词,冠词的分类,在下列字母前加a/an a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z,an,a,a,a,an,an,a,an,an
6、,a,a,an,an,an,an,a,a,an,an,a,a,a,a,an,a,a,不定冠词的用法,a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前 an用在以元音音素开头的单词前,1.2.3.4.,e.g._book _ egg _ useful book _ underground room,a,an,a,an,基本用法：指人或事物的某一种类,e.g.She is a girl.她是女孩 This is a desk.这是一张书桌,泛指某人或者某物，但又不具体说明何人何物,e.g.I can see a kite.我能看见一只风筝 A boy is in Grade 1.一个男孩在一年级,表示“数量”，“有一
7、”“每一”的意思,e.g.We have six classes a day.我们一天上六节课,定冠词的用法,基本用法：“特指”特指某（些）人或者某（些）事物，以便与其他的人或物有所区别,1.2.3.4.,e.g.The book on the desk is Jims.书桌上的那本书是吉姆的 The chairs are there.椅子在那里,指谈话双方都知道的人或事物,e.g.Where is the kite?风筝在哪儿？（双方都知道指的是哪只风筝）Open the door,please.请把门打开（双方都知道要打开哪扇门）,在叙述中，上文提到过的人或者事物，再次出现时,e.g.：I
8、 can see a kite.我看见一只风筝：where is the kite?这个风筝在那里？,用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”,e.g.the Blacks 布来克一家,定冠词的用法,用在宇宙间独一无二的天体名词之前,5.6.7.8.,e.g.the sun the sky the moon the earth,用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only,very,same 前,e.g.I live on the second floor.我住在二楼Skating is the best sport in winter.滑冰是冬天最好的运动,与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the d
9、ollar 美元;the fox 狐狸,或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the living 生者。,用在表示乐器的名词之前,e.g.the violin the piano,定冠词的用法,用在一些习惯用语中,9.,e.g.in the day in the morning/aftrnoon/evening the day before tomorrow/yesterday the next morning/week/month/year in the sky/water/field/country in the dark in the rain in the distance in the
10、 middle(of)in the end on the whole by the way go to the theatre(cinema),零冠词的用法,名词前有了物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和“”所有格时。,1.2.3.4.,e.g.Our books those apples Jims pen,附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。,e.g.They are teachers.他们是老师。,在专有名词前,e.g.China England,在星期、月份、节日前,e.g.on Sunday in August on Childrens Day,不使用冠词的情况,零冠词的用法,在球类运动前及三
11、餐名词前。,5.6.,e.g.play football/basketball have supper,在一些固定搭配中,e.g.at night go to school at table by bike at work go to bed at school at home watch TV,不使用冠词的情况,下列词组中，有无冠词意义不同。,go to school _go to the school _,上学,去学校,take place _take the place of _,发生,代替,in front of _in the front of _,在的前面,在的前部,数 词,（1）
12、基数词表示数量的多少one,two,ten（2）序数词表示数的顺序 first,second,twelfth 其前要加上冠词the或代词。序数词的缩写形式如first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st等。,(1)年、月、日、时刻表达法 2005年4月10日-April 10,2005，6时-6:00，5月1日-May 1，12时-12 oclock，5:30-half past five，8:45-a quarter to nine，(2)分数小数和百分数的表达方法 o.15-zero point one five 40%forty percent 56%fifty
13、-six percen（3）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：1/3 one-third；3/37 three thirty-sevenths.,代词一.概念:代词是代替名词的词,按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。二.相关知识点精讲1.人称代词1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。,2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：I like table tennis.（作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语）3
14、)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me.4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：He is older than me.He is older than I am.,2.物主代词1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示。,2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.This is her pencil-box.3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用
15、作主语、宾语和表语。Our school is here,and theirs is there.（作主语）-Is this English-book yours?（作表语）-No.Mine is in my bag.Ive already finished my homework.Have you finished yours?（作宾语）,3.指示代词指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。1)this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：This is a pen and that is a penc
16、il We are busy these days In those days the workers had a hard time,2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲 到的事物，例如：I had a cold.Thats why I didnt come.What I want to say is this;pronunciation is very important in learning English,3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如：Television sets made in Beijin
17、g are just as good as those made in Shanghai 4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello!This is Mary.Is that Jack speaking?,4.反身代词 英语中用来表示我自己，你自己，他自己，我们自己，你们自己等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。,反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。He called himself a writer2)作表语。It doesnt matter.Ill b
18、e myself soon 3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes,enjoy oneself,make oneself at home,make oneself understoodheardfor oneself为自己，of oneself自然地，自动地 by oneself独自地，,反身代词,I me my mine myself,we us our ours ourselves,you you your yours yourself,you you your yours yourselves,he him his his him
19、self,she her her hers herself,it it its its itself,they them their theirs themselves,5不定代词：(1)some与any：some一般用于肯定句中，但在表示请求并希望对方能给予肯定回答时，可用于疑问句中；any一般用于否定和疑问句中，但当any强调“任何”时，也可用于肯定句中。同理，something，somebody，someone的用法同some；anything，anybody，anyone的用法同any。,用法：some用于肯定句中,用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。I have some friends
20、.Smith went to some place in England.（定语）在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。Would you like some bananas?（邀请）Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)any用于疑问句和否定句。Is there any student in the classroom?No,there isnt any student.any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Any day is okay for me.,one,both,all,one指人或物，“一个”，其复数为ones,This
21、is not the one I want.(表语)both指人或指物，“两者都”This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是教师。both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film.All“全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不
22、可数名词连用，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。,All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：Not all the ants go out for food.All the ants dont go out for food.并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。,many和much few,little;a few,a little,few和
23、little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。,each和every,each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)Each student in our class has a dicti
24、onary.（定语，强调各个个体）Each of them has been there.（主语）The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语）We each got a ticket.（同位语）,either和neither,either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如：Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(宾语)Neither boy know
25、s French.(定语),Other,others,the other,the others 和 another,the other表示“两者中的另一个”；other意思是“其他的”，不能单独使用，后面必须接名词，表泛指；others可指其他的人或东西，相当于other+名词复数；the others特指其他某些人或物，相当于the other+名词复数。another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。,He got two books;one is textbook,the other is a novel.Five o
26、f the pencils are red,the others(the other pens)are yellow.Some students are singing,others(other students)are dancing.Please give me another book.,6相互代词：each other用于两者或两者以上；one another用于三者或三者以上，在现代英语中它们可通用。7疑问代词：what指事或物，不强调范围；who(whom，whose)指人；which既可指人也可指物，但强调范围。8关系代词：what，who，whom，whose，which，th
27、at，as，,The Use of“it”,代词 it,引导词 it,It句型的归纳 Sentences With“it”,1 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物,My pen is missing.I cant find it anywhere.,-Who is knocking at the door?-Its me.,Jack is ill.Have you heard about it?,代词-it,2 用以代替指示代词this,that,-Whats this?,-Whose exercise-book is that?-Its hers.,代词-it,-Its a flag.,3
28、表示时间、天气、距离季节、环境、情况等,Its time for lunch.,When spring comes,it gets warmer and warmer.,Its about two hours from here to the zoo.,Its winter now.,It was very quiet(noisy)at the moment.,代词-it,1 作形式主语，代替由不定式（或不定式复合结构）、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。,It is exciting to find an ancient tomb.(代替不定式)It was wrong for you not t
29、o help her.(代替不定式复合结构)It is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.（代替主语从句）,引导词,2作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。,He feels it his duty to help others.,We thought it no use doing that.,I find it difficult to solve the problem.,引导词,3用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语、或地点状语或时间状语），常用强调结构“
30、It is(was)+被强调成分+that(或who)”,I saw Li Ping in the street yesterday.,引导词,It was I that/who saw Li Ping in the street this morning.,It was Li Ping that I saw in the street this morning.,It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.,It was yesterday that I saw Li Ping in the street.,it-强调结构,引导词
31、-it,强调not until结构时将此结构置于It is(was)that句型中，that后接肯定式。,I didnt go to bed until I had finished my homework last night.,It was,that,not until I had finished my homework last night,I went to bed.,1.It+be+adj.+of sb.+不定式sb.+be+adj.+不定式,It is very kind of you to help us.(=You are kind to help us.),Its crue
32、l of him to kill that animal.,Sentences With“It”(It句型的归纳),clever,bright,foolish,stupid,silly,wise,careful,careless,rude,impolite,nice,right,wrong,silly,good,brave,honest,etc.,2.It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do,It is difficult for us to learn English.It is important for her to come to the party.常见的形容词有：impor
33、tant，necessary，natural easy，common，normal，hard，difficult，dangerous，unusual，rare，impossible，pleasant,etc.,3.It+takes+sb.+some time+to do 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”,It took him some time to find the elephant.,sb.+spend+some time+(in)doing,He spent some time(in)finding the elephant.,4.It costs+sb.+some money+to d
34、o,sth.cost+sb.+some moneysb.spend+some money+on+sth.sb.pay+some money+for sth.sb.buy+sth.+for+some money,5.It is+no use+动名词,It is no use regretting your past mistakes.It is no use crying over split milk.It is no good learning English without speaking English.,能以动名词作主语的这类句子并不多，主要在以no good,no use,usel
35、ess,worthwhile,等词作表语的句子中用。,6.It+be+adj./n.+that-clause,It is very clear that hes tall like a tree.,It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.,Adj:obvious,necessary，right，strange，natural,trueN:a fact,a shame,an honor,no wonder,7.It+be+过去分词+that-clause,It is said that he has been ill for years.,适用
36、于这种句型的动词有report,announce,decide,learn,expect,arrange,suggest,etc.,He is said to have been ill for years.,8.It+looks as if/seems+that-clause,It seems that they are talking.,用于这种句型的动词happen,turn out,appears等,It happened that she was not at home.It turned out that he was Bushs father.,It looks as if he
37、 is ill.,9.It is the first(second.)time that.该句型中的 that 从句用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，It is the first time I have been here.=This is the first time I have been here.It was the first time I had been here.,10.It+be+time+for It+be+time+(for sb.)+to do It+be+
38、time+that 表示“该做某事了”,It is time for supper.It is time(for us)to have supper.It is time that we had supper.,that从句中要用虚拟语气 Its time that this problem was/should be solved,介词,早、午、晚要用in,例：in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天,at黎明、午、夜、点与分,例:at dawn,at daybreak 在黎明时候 at
39、 noon 在中午 at dusk 在黄昏 at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜at nine fifteen 在9点15分at ten thirty a.m.在上午10点30分,年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒雨 in，,在“某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月”(但在某年某月某 日则用on)，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。,将来时态in.以后,They will come back in 10 days.他们将10天以后回来。Come and see me in two days time.两天后来看我
40、。(从现在开始)after.(从过去开始),小处at大处in 有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in,The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy is a good opera.是出好戏。(无形)表示某种语言用in:In Chinese 表示度、量、衡单位的用in:in meter 表示材料用in:in bronze,特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in,The Democratic Party was in power the
41、n.那时民主党执政。特征He has not been in good health for some years.他几年来身体一直不好。特征A good teacher must be an example in study.一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。方面in a good humour 心情(情绪)好 心情,介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分,介词at和to都可以表示方向;用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。AShe came at me.她向我扑过来。BShe came to me.她向我走过来。,日
42、子、日期、年月日，星期，年月日加上早午晚;以下皆用on。,on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日 on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午on the morning of 18th 18日早晨,收音、农场，值日on,on the radio 从收音机里on TV 从电视里on a farm 在农场on duty 值日,关于、基础、靠、著论,Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America.申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。Theory must be based on p
43、ractice.理论必须以实践为基础。The people in the south live on rice.南方人主食大米。(靠)On Reading 论读书,着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、准,注：“着”是指着火，罢指罢工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、办公事；假指休假，准指准时。,步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage用in,at山脚、门口在当前，速、温、日落价核心,即在山脚下、在门口、在目前，速度、以速率、温度、在日落时、在核心要用at。,工具、同、和、随with，具有，独立、就、原因,With the development of science and techno
44、logy,more and more people can use computer to communicate with others.China is a very large country with a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的大国。(具有)What is the matter with you?怎么回事?(就，关于)With the help of my classmate,就.来说宾译主，对、有、方状,这里的with后边的宾语常译成主语。Whats wrong with your eyes?你的眼睛怎么啦?The doctor was very patien
45、t with his patients.那位医生对患者非常耐心。(对)He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.他两手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。(状语)独立结构,海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数人类known to man,例:by land(air,sea,water,bus)陆路(航空，水陆，水路，乘公共汽车)by chance 偶然 by accident 偶然，It is known to man.众所周知.这里用to man而不用by。即当单数又无冠词的man和known搭配时，表示人类不用by。,this，that，tomorrow
46、，yesterday，next,last,one 接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯,over,under正上下above,below则不然 低高below与above,The plane flew above the city.飞机飞过城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方)A lamp was hanging over the table.一盏灯是在方桌上方。(正上方)The temperature in the room is below(or under)30.室温是摄氏30度以下。(数量词两者皆可),beyond超出、无、不能,against 靠着，对与反,Its quite beyon
47、d me(It is more than I can understand).这我完全不懂。beyond my control She leaned wearily against the railings.她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。(靠着),besides,except分内外，among之内along沿 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。,Hes composition is good,except for some spelling mistakes.他的这篇作文写得很好，只是有几处拼写错误。(非同类比较用except for),原状because of,owing to,due to
48、表语形容词,AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.我们的一切成绩都归功于党。(due to做表语形容词),under后接修、建中，of，from物化分 before,after 表一点，ago,later表示一段,即before,after常表示一个点的时间状语，晚饭前 before supper而ago，later常表示一段的时间状语。一分钟前 a minute ago,before可接完成时，ago过去级有限 这时的before是连词(也可做介词),I had studied French f
49、or four months before I came here.我来这儿以前就已学了四个月法语了。(before接完成时)He fell ill three days ago.他病了三天了。(ago则只能接动词过去式，同时注意瞬间动词的问题。),since以来during间与之相比beside,除了last but one。,即beside的一般用法是“在.旁边”,但还有“和.相比”等特殊用法。除了last but one，即but多指“除了”的意思，也有“倒数第几”的意思。last but one即不是最后一个。I havent told anybody but one.Look at
50、the last page but one.请看倒数第2页。,复不定for、找，价，原，对，给，段，去，为，作，赞,复不定for，即用for引出的不定式复合结构，也就是for加名(代)加不定式；找，意为找到，提供;价，意为价格、工资；原，意为原因；段，意为时间或距离;去，意为去某地或开往某地；作，意为作为;赞，意为赞成(用于系表结构。),快到、对、向towards，,Its getting on towards the end of term now.现在已快到学期未了。(快到),but for 否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。,but for是“若不是”的意思。But for our great
