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1、Xiaoquan WangKey Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture,School of Veterinary Medicine,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou,Jiangsu,Chapter Three Preventive Veterinary Sciences,New words and phrases,prosecution,prsikju:n n.起诉，检举；进行；经营 Tenure tenju,tenj n.任期；占有;vt.授予终身职位Coordinate
2、d ku:dineitid vt.调整；调节；整理;adj.协调的Physiologic adj.生理的；生理学的 Microbe maikrub n.细菌，微生物 Macromolecule,mkrumlikju:l n.高分子；大分子 Polysaccharide,pliskraid n.有化 多糖；多聚糖 Pathologic,pldik adj.病理学的；病态的Bubonic bju:bnik adj.腹股沟腺炎的Smallpox sm:lpks n.天花 Inhale inheil vt.吸入；猛吃猛喝 vi.吸气discipline disiplin n.学科；纪律；训练；惩罚;v
3、t.训练，训导；惩戒,New words and phrases,Manipulate mnipjuleit vt.操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改 contract vi.收缩；感染；订约;vt.染上（恶习，疾病等）;感染；订约；使缩短 n.合同；婚约Pustule pstju:l n.皮肤 脓疱 Intentionally intennli adv.故意地，有意地inoculate 给做预防注射treatise tri:tiz,-tis论文，专著Eloquent adj.意味深长的；雄辩的，有口才的；有说服力的；动人的 Immunochemistry,imjunukemistri Crysta
4、llography,kristlrfi n.晶体 结晶学Genetically denetikli adv.从遗传学角度；从基因方面biochemicaltransgenicKnockout nkaut adj.淘汰的；击倒的；迷人的;n.淘汰赛；击倒；给人留下深刻印象的人；绝代佳人;剔除，敲除,The term immunity is derived from the Latin word immunitas,which referred to the exemption from various civic duties and legal prosecution offered to R
5、oman senators during their tenures in office.Historically,immunity meant protection from disease and,more specifically,infectious disease.,Lesson Twelve Imunology,The cells and molecules responsible for immunity constitute the immune system,and their collective（共同的）and coordinated（协调的）response to th
6、e introduction of foreign substances is called the immune response.,Constitute vt.组成，构成；Comprise vt.包含；由组成 Contain 含有Involve 包含，涉及,The physiologic function of the immune system is defense against infectious microbes.However,even noninfectious foreign substances can elicit immune responses.Furthermor
7、e,mechanisms that normally protect individuals from infection and eliminate foreign substances are themselves capable of causing tissue injury and disease in some situations.,Therefore,a more inclusive definition of immunity is reaction to foreign substances,including microbes,as well as to macromol
8、ecules such as proteins and polysaccharides,regardless of the physiologic or pathologic consequence of such a reaction.Immunology is the study of immunity in this broader sense,and of the cellular and molecular events that occur after an organism encounters microbes and other foreign macromolecules.
9、,The concept of immunity may have existed long before,as suggested by the ancient Chinese custom of（关于，与有关）making children resistant to smallpox by having them inhale powders made from the skin lesions of patients recovering from the disease.,as作关系代词的用法;as单独引导定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如：She is la
10、te,as is often the case.她迟到了，这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句),Immunology,in its modern form,is an experimental science,in which explanations of immunologic phenomena are based on experimental observations and the conclusions drawn from them(experimental observations).The evolution of immunology as an experimental
11、discipline has depended on our ability to manipulate the function of the immune system under controlled conditions.,as作介词的用法as作介词，意思是作为，以身份。例如：He came to China as a tourist five years ago.他五年前以游客的身份来过中国。,Historically,the first clear example of this manipulation,and one that remains among the most dr
12、amatic ever recorded,was Edward Jenners successful vaccination against smallpox.Jenner,an English physician,noticed that milkmaids who had recovered from cowpox never contracted the more serious smallpox.,Based on this observation,he injected the material from a cowpox pustule into the arm of an 8-y
13、ear-old boy.When this boy was later intentionally inoculated with smallpox,the disease did not develop.Jenners landmark treatise tri:tiz on vaccination(Latin vaccinus,of or from cows)was published in 1798.,It led to the widespread acceptance of this method for inducing immunity to infectious disease
14、s,and vaccination remains the most effective method for preventing infections.An eloquent testament to the importance of immunology was the announcement by the World Health Organization in 1980 that smallpox was the first disease that had been eradicated world wide by a program of vaccination.,Since
15、 the 1960s,there has been a remarkable transformation in our understanding of the immune system and its functions.Advances in cell culture techniques(including monoclonal antibody production),immunochemistry,recombinant DNA methodology,X-ray crystallography,and creation of genetically altered animals(especially transgenic and knockout mice)have changed immunology from a largely descriptive science into one in which diverse immune phenomena can be explained in structural and biochemical terms.,Thank You!,
