写作由简单到复杂从正确到出彩.ppt

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1、一、写作基本形式,三段落式:按照题目提纲划分段落,提纲即是每段中心句。四级作文考试就是主题提纲写作。,二、写作评分标准及注意事项,应试作文的评分标准尽管描述语言不同,但都可以分为内容、组织和语言三个方面,如果是应用文,还要看语域(主要指语言使用是否符合场合)和格式。内容切题:围绕该段所给的中心句(提纲)来写相关内容。语言:(后面详述)连贯:运用列举法,使段落结构清晰;要避免使用一些过于熟悉的词汇和短语;,三、写作技巧,1.内容按照题目提纲扩展即可;2.翻译提纲句作为中心句,放在段首;3.拓展中心句:运用列举分类、细节说明、比较对照、正反论证等手段,具体可以参看别人的范文。组织除了要注意段与段之

2、间的连贯与衔接之外,还要特别注意考生最容易忽略的句与句之间的逻辑性;主体段落要列举和分类,并运用连接词;避免使用一些过于熟悉的词汇和短语;4.加入醒目、吸引评卷人眼球的细节信息,句子要正确、出彩。,三、写作技巧,最难提高的是语言,即用词的丰富性和句的复杂性。要想获得高分就应在“正确”表达的基础上写出自己的特色,写出自己的“亮”点。那么语言突破之路,到底在何方呢?答曰:简单句。,四、用简单句写复杂思想,1.简单句包括S+V(主谓句),S+V+O(主谓宾),S+V+O+O(主谓宾宾),S+V+O+C(主谓宾宾补),S+V+C(主系表),复杂一些的句子无不是由这些简单句演变而来的。2.我们可以将要表

3、达的汉语思想,全部说成简单的句子,而简单句,在写作时是考生可以掌控的。之后再将简单句加以润色、组合,使之登堂入室,夺取高分。,四、用简单句写复杂思想,大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪的工作是不可能的。看到这样的汉语句子,一般我们的反应是要用It is impossible for sb.to do sth 这样的句型,然后想着往里填词:在sb.的位置填上“刚刚毕业的大学生”,在不定式的位置填上“找到高薪的工作”,如下所示:It is impossible for刚刚毕业的大学生to找到高薪的工作.,四、用简单句写复杂思想,那么“刚刚毕业的大学生”怎么写?英语里面好像找不到一个表示“刚刚毕业的”形

4、容词放在大学生前面,所以就要用定语从句,写成college students who have just graduated,如果graduated不会写,先写成left;然怎么写“高薪的”?英语里面也没有这样一个形容词放在jobs的前面。所以用定语从句,写成to find jobs which can give them a lot of money.,四、用简单句写复杂思想,这个句子将写成:It is impossible for college students who have just graduated to find jobs which can give them a lot

5、of money.这样将两个定语从句放在这个句型里面,实在是太容易犯错了。实际上,刚刚毕业的大学生可以写成:newly-graduated students,而高薪的工作可以写成well-paying jobs,将这两个短语放进去,成为:It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs,与上面的定语从句相比会获得更高的分数。不过试问,能写出这两个短语的有几人呢?,四、用简单句写复杂思想,我们能不能换一种思路,想得简单点,把上面一句话拆分成为四句:每年,都有很多大学生毕业。他们都想找到工作。这些工作可以给

6、他们很多钱。这是不可能的。这样的句子大部分同学很快就可以写出来:,四、用简单句写复杂思想,Every year,many college students graduate.They all want to find jobs.These jobs can give them a lot of money.This is impossible.第一句话属于五种简单句中的主谓句,第二句是主谓宾,第三句是主谓间宾直宾,第四句是主系表。,四、用简单句写复杂思想,下面我们看看能不能润色一下:第一句话我们将熟悉的many改为heaps and heaps of(一批一批的),这是换词;然后?:from

7、universities;又想到还有独立的学院,再加上and institutes.第一句话变成:Every year,heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes.这句话这样一改,便成气候了。,四、用简单句写复杂思想,第二句和第三句可以用定语从句连接起来,因为第三句的主语是第二句最后jobs的重复,所以成为:They all want to find jobs,which can give them a lot of money.再润色,我们发现give可以改为offer,a lot

8、 of money可以改为handsome salaries.利用学过的语法知识我们可以让这个句子更加复杂,给定语从句中加一个插入语:they hope,放在which后面,这样这句话就成为:They all want to find jobs,which they hope can offer them handsome salaries.,四、用简单句写复杂思想,第四句话也可以和前两句连在一起,这次不采用主从复合句,而采用并列句。(用什么连接词?)因为意思发生转折,故用but连接,而impossible太绝对了,改为hardly possible,于是成为:They all want to

9、 find jobs,which they hope can offer them handsome salaries,but this is hardly possible.,四、用简单句写复杂思想,所以最初的那句话,经过拆解、加工(换词和连句)形成了下面的一组句子:Every year,heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes.They all want to find jobs,which they hope can offer them handsome salaries,

10、but this is hardly possible.,四、用简单句写复杂思想,上文总共32个词,与我们刚才认为很难达到的那个句子It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs(10个词)相比,气势上毫不逊色,但是哪一种写法更适合广大考生的情况呢?当然是从熟悉的东西着手改造更为可取,像newly-graduated和well-paying这样的天外来客式的词组需要积累,或者自己有意去搜寻。再强调一下:上面这组句子是我们从简单句变过来的。这说明:简单句这只丑小鸭也可以变成白天鹅!这是对四级考生写作应试

11、方面最大的启示!,四、用简单句写复杂思想,写好四级作文,切勿好高骛远,一下子就想写出来很复杂的句子可能会搞得遍体鳞伤。所以,要从可以掌控的东西出发,即将复杂的汉语思想分解成为简单句,或者说,学会想简单的句子,然后表达成为简单句,进而对之进行再加工,要么换词,要么连句,如此润色,写作可成矣!,四、简单句写作思路,将写作的过程视为一个看不见的汉译英的过程就会简单明了得多 英文写作一般是先想主语,因为主语是一句话的开头;再想谓语,谓语中应该会先写助动词,所以先想用什么时态、语态、情态;接下来是动词,动词要考虑的是用及物动词还是不及物动词,是系动词还是实义动词。如果是及物动词就要考虑跟宾语,系动词就要

12、考虑跟表语。,六、简单句翻译实践,例一:国际旅游业创造了很多就业机会。这句话比较简单。首先想想写这句话主语应该是什么?应该是“国际旅游业”,谓语应该是“创造”,还要带一个宾语“就业机会”。这句话的主干应该是:旅游业创造就业机会。对应的简单句句型应该是主谓宾S+V+O.先写主语:International tourism;下面考虑时态,这应该是一个经常反复发生的动作,故用一般现在时,create这个动词应该加s;create是及物动词,所以后面加上many job opportunities,写成:International tourism creates many job opportunit

13、ies.,六、简单句翻译实践,例二:外出工作让母亲们没法照顾好孩子。这是一个稍微难的句子,先想主语,是“外出工作”,在主语的位置要用动名词,写成Working outside,“让”不能写成let,要用make,时态用一般现在时,故make要加s;make是及物动词,后跟宾语mothers,“没法照顾好孩子”就成为宾语补足语,构成S+V+O+C的句型,宾语补足语用形容词,写成unable to take good care of their children,全句成为:Working outside makes women unable to take good care of their c

14、hildren.,六、简单句翻译实践,当然还可以写成:Working outside makes it impossible for women to take good care of their children.这句话将原句进行了适当变通,使之成为“外出工作让母亲们照顾好孩子成为不可能”,然后活用了it作为形式宾语,将不定式后置。相比之下第一种写法稍显生硬。,六、简单句翻译实践,第三种写法:Working outside deprives women of the chance to take good care of their children.这句话将原句进行了适当变通,使之成为“

15、外出工作剥夺了母亲们照顾好孩子的机会”,活用了deprive sb.of 这个句型。所以英语写作有很多可能,可选择自己最有把握的句子写出来。,六、简单句翻译实践,例三:五月到九月份,公司的营业额极不稳定。这句话在图表写作时可能遇到。五月到九月份可以理解为在五月到九月份,作时间状语,写成between May and September;主语选择“公司的营业额”,将这句话理解为“是极不稳定的”;谓语动词选择系动词be的过去式,为was:“不稳定的”用形容词erratic,这句话可以写成主系表结构S+V+C:Between May and September,the turnover of the

16、 company was fairly erratic.注意系动词所表示的“是”,经常在汉语思维中隐藏。,简单句需要同学们好好训练,因为简单句是走向更复杂句子结构的基础,也是在临场考试时最能够有把握写好而不犯错的句型。,七、文章“亮”点,书面表达评分标准“最高档”要求:“应用了较多的语法结构或词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有少许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。”从历年书面表达高分文章来看,每篇文章都有“亮”点,即在用词、造句或段落安排上都有独到之处。,1.词汇选择标新立异,在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用大纲上没有的词语、使用通过构

17、词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。1)这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。A The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.B:The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.分析:is in是常见词语,而situates in则是大纲上没有的,属于高级词汇。,1.词汇选择标新立异,2)在周末我们做很多作业。A:At weekends,we have a lot of homework to do.B:At weekends,we have endless homework to d

18、o.分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of,而是使用了endless。endless就是由大纲词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。,1.词汇选择标新立异,3)洗澡间和厨房都很好。A:The bathroom and the kitchen are good.B.The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.在表达要点时,B句使用了well furnished,这比good语气强,也显得生动。在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然,哪怕整篇文章只用上一个,也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。,2.结构造句与众不同,在造句时,既要使句子生

19、动,又要使其简明扼要。1、使用与人不同的表达方式,特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。1)唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。A:There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.B:A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.大多数同学使用了there be结构,这是对的,但是B句却摒弃了常见句式。另辟蹊径而使用了“主语+谓语+宾语”结构,且使用了terrible,hit/strike这样的词汇,更是难能可贵的。,2.结构造句与众不同,2)你八

20、月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.(多数人使用的方式)B:Your letter of August 15th reached/got to me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁),2.结构造句与众不同,2.使用一些强势句式,如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等,增强语句的表现力。如:3)阿福救了我妹妹。A:Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式)B:It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(强调

21、句式)4)我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴 A:We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陈述句)B:How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well.(感叹句),2.结构造句与众不同,3、句式多样,复杂得体。在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型,而应注意句式的变化,如长短句结合,简单句、并列句与复合句共用,还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构如独立主格,分词结构等也可使用。下面的表达中A句简单句多,而且多处使用there be结构,显得单调、乏味,而B句就

22、有自己的特色(请同学们自己分析)。,2.结构造句与众不同,5)这是一套25平方米的住房,住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房;卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。A:Its a flat of 25 square metres.There is a bedroom in the flat.There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it,too.In the bedroom,there is a bed;there is a sofa,a desk and a chair as well.B:Its a flat of 25 square metres,with a be

23、droom,a bathroom and a kitchen.In the bedroom there is a bed,a sofa,a desk and a chair.,3.布局谋篇独具匠心,在写作中,我们可按时间、空间或其它逻辑顺序来安排各要点,同时为使主题突出,结构严谨,我们应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。在布局谋篇上请看典范:Opinions are divided on the question.60%of the students are against the idea of entrance fees.They believe a public park shou

24、ld be free of charge.People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.What is more,it will become necessary to build gates and walls,which will do harm to the appearance of a city.On the other hand,40%think that fees should be ch

25、arged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers,and to buy plants and young trees.They suggested,however,fees should be charged low.,3.布局谋篇独具匠心,1)该文使用Opinions are divided.作交代句,开门见山,随后两个段落均使用了主题句(见黑体字部分),使全文结构紧凑,表达严谨。2)在表述要点时范文还对要点出场顺序作了调整,如“40%的同学认为应收门票,但不宜过高。”前部分作为主题句放在句首,而后部分另起一句放在句末

26、:They suggested,however,fees should be charged low.这样就分清了轻重缓急,主题突出,条理清楚。,3.布局谋篇独具匠心,3)范文使用了and,what is more,however等连词,在段落之间使用了on the other hand(说明前后两个观点是相悖的),这些连接手段的运用加强了句子之间、段落之间的联系,使文章表达连贯,浑然一体。4)范文在第二段为说明不收门票的“原因”时增加了Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.等细节,这也是解决句与句之间缺少连贯性的

27、常见方法。总之,要想使自己的文章有亮点,吸引读者,在考试中获得高分,就应在用词、造句、谋篇上下功夫,哪怕是有一处特长都是“亮”点,都是值得肯定的。,观点型例句翻译,1.当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法时,大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是,还有很多人认为他的行为应当受到谴责。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错,应该被指控。When asked about the ongoing uproar involving U.S.President Bill Clinton,most people say the affair involves a purely private

28、 matter.But many other people regard his actions as deplorable.I personally think the president committed impeachable offences.,观点型例句翻译,2.涉及北京机动车使用量增加这一问题,有的人认为应该限制使用。另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理,但是,无论车辆多少,必须对废气排放实行控制。When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing,some people think that

29、 use should be limited.Others argue that the opposite is true.There is probably some truth to both arguments,but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles.,观点型例句翻译,3.目前,针对流动工人的问题展开了普遍的争论。反对流动工人增加的人认为这会导致犯罪率升高,从而危害社会稳定。他们主张应该严格限制进入中国城市的流动工人。但是,另一方面,支持廉价劳动力流入的人主张,为了支持大规

30、模的城市基础设施建设规划,流动人口是必需的。There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers.Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability.They believe that strict limits should be placed on migrants entering C

31、hina s cities.But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force,on the other hand,maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction program.,观点型例句翻译,人们普遍认为过度砍伐造成了夏季特大洪水。专家认为中国必须推行大规模的植树造林计划。但我对仅仅植树造林就能解决问题表示怀疑。4.It is widely acknowledged that extensive

32、 deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding.Experts argue that China must introduce a massive afforestation program.But I doubt whether afforestation alone will solve the problem.,观点型例句翻译,5.大多数人认为财富为所有问题提供解决的办法。但是,我认为,尽管财富提供物质上的利益,一个人应该放弃物质至上的追求,而是集中精力追求幸福。Most people are of the opinion that

33、 wealth provides solutions to all problems.But in spite of the material benefits wealth provides,I believe one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the pursuit of happiness.,观点型例句翻译,6.很多人相信极刑能阻止犯罪。但是,虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的研究,几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。Many people believe that capital pu

34、nishment deters crime.But although criminologists have conducted exhaustive research regarding the subject,little evidence exists to support the claim.,观点型例句翻译,7.越来越多的人通过互联网进入了“信息时代”。针对这一现象,一些人认为互联网消除了障碍,为人们提供了与世界即时链接的途径。但是,他们有没有意识到迅速发展的信息技术也能导致侵犯隐私?An increasing number of people are joining the Inf

35、ormation Age via the Internet.In reaction to the phenomenon,some say the Internet has removed barrters and provided people with immediate access to the world.But do they raelize that rapidly advancing information technology can also lead to intrusions of privacy?,观点型例句翻译,8.利用关系是做生意的普遍做法,但这种做法明智吗?现在,

36、越来越多的人对这种方法提出了质疑。The use of guanxi is a widespread method for conducting business,but is it a wise one?The method is now being challenged by more and more people.9.最近,我们经常听到贫富差距扩大了的说法。一些人认为发达世界完全忽略了这个问题。事实是这样吗?细致的调查无法证实这一观点。These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and poor.So

37、me argue the developed world has totally ignored the problem.But has it?Close examination fails to bear out the argument.,观点型例句翻译,10.我们经常被告知世界处于毁灭的边缘。但事实真是这样吗?We re often told that the world is tethering on the brink of destruction.But is this really the case?11.我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是克服城乡收入水平之间的差距。One

38、 of the pressing problema facing our nation(China)today is overcoming disparities in urban and rural income levels.12.许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。One of the most serious problems many people talk about centers on the lack of adequate housing space.,观点型例句翻译,13.也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是遍布各级政府的官员腐败。Perhaps the m

39、ost dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is official corruption,which is pervasive in all levels of government.14.通货膨胀又是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。Inflation is yet another new and bitter truth we must learn to face.,观点型例句翻译,15.城区的迅速扩大在很多情况下侵占了宝贵的可耕地,使人们普遍认识到发展不能以牺牲农业为代价。政府更加重视这个问题,越来越多的不必要的工程被终止。Th

40、e rapid expansion of urban areas has in many cases encroached on valuable cultivatable land,and led to a general recognition that development must not be carried at the cost of agriculture.The government has attached greater importance to the problem and an increasing number of redundant projects ar

41、e being terminated.16.世界上越来越多的人认识到加强环境保护的必要性。There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for strengthened environmental protection.,观点型例句翻译,17.近年来,艾滋病蔓延的幅度进一步扩大,一项新的研究预测,到2005年,世界上有超过三千万人将感染这一可怕的疾病。There has been a dramatic increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS in recent years,with a new study p

42、rojecting that the dreaded disease will affect over 30 million people worldwide by the year 2005.18.与残疾人一起工作使一个人不得不对他们坚持不懈的渴望印象深刻。Working with the disabled cannot help but leave one impressed with their indefatigable desire.,观点型例句翻译,19.也许没有问题比安乐死和人工流产更有争议性,它们都涉及结束一个人的生命。Perhaps no issues are more controversial than euthanasia and abortion,both of which involve taking the life of a human being.20.历史上,人口过剩的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。Never before in history has the issue of overpopulation been more evident than now.,

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