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1、写作训练总方案,一.答题注意事项,1）印象原则：书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰,2）语言第一位、结构第二位、内容第三位：语言：基本正确 丰富多变（词汇+句型）结构：逻辑性 段落结构：总分总主题句翻译提纲，1句；论证：2句；小结：1句评分标准：关联词同义替换（词汇+句型）内容：不跑题,二 四级考试中最常出现的四种作文,现象解释型问题解决型个人观点类应用文三种类型,1、现象解释类,2009年12月2008年6月21日2010年6月2007年12月22日，2006年62005年12月24日,第一段：描述现象,主题句：概括指出现象。（可以下定义）扩展句一：现象的具体表现或变化。扩展句二：进一步说明现象的
2、表现或变化。,第二段：说明原因（或影响）,主题句：引出下文对原因（影响）的说明。扩展句一：说明第一点原因（影响）。扩展句二：说明第二点原因（影响）。扩展句三：说明第三点原因（影响）。,第三段：总结评述,主题句：可以写现象的发展趋势或利弊评述，或是本人对现象的看法。扩展句一：具体作出评述。扩展句二：进一步评述或提出意见。结尾句：总结全文。,第一段：描述现象Nowdays/In recent years,概述现象。现象表现。In addition/Also,进一步描述现象表现或变化。,第二段：说明原因或影响,Many different reasons contribute to 该现象。/The
3、re are many different factors 决定该现象。Among them,第一点原因或因素play/plays a critical role.Moreover,第二点原因或因素。Besides,第三点原因或因素。该现象 has brought great influence on 影响对象。Firstly,第一点影响。Secondly,第二点影响。Finally,第三点影响。,第三段：总结陈述,In my opinion/As for me,本人对现象的总结或评述。进一步评述或提出建议。作出总结。,2)问题解决类,2001.1 2000.1,第一段：提出观点,主题句：引出
4、现象。扩展句一：阐述现象。扩展句二：分析现象产生的原因或影响。,第二段:列举论据,主题句：提出可能的解决办法。扩展句一：解决办法一。扩展句二：解决办法二。扩展句三：解决办法三。,第三段:总结观点,主题句：承接上文，重申观点。扩展句：提出建议或指出注意事项。结尾句：总结全文，指出正确的做法或态度，呼应论点。,3.个人观点类,对比分析类作文主要有两种：一种是需要考生对比阐述两种观点或做法及各自的理由，然后表明自己的观点或做法并说明理由；另一种是需要考生对比阐述某事物的利和弊、好处和害处或优点和缺点，继而表明自己的看法或态度。,2006.12 2005.12 2000.6 1999.6,第一段：观点
5、或选择A,主题句：提出要讨论的主题，引出两种不同的观点或选择。扩展句一：指出一种观点或选择。扩展句二：阐述该观点或选择的第一点理由。扩展句二：阐述该观点或选择的第二点理由。,第二段：观点或选择B,主题句：转折引出另一种观点或选择。扩展句一：阐述该观点或选择的第一点理由。扩展句二：阐述该观点或选择的第二点理由。,第三段:“我”的观点或选择,主题句：综合两种观点或选择，表明“我”的观点或选择。扩展句一：阐述“我”的第一点理由。扩展句二：阐述“我”的第二点理由。结尾句：经常是提出建议或作出展望。,模板使用,第一段：观点或选择A简述要讨论的主题，引出对其的不同观点或选择/When it comes t
6、o 谈论主题，there is no complete agreement among people.Some people think/prefer to/choose 观点或选择A。观点或选择的第一点理由。观点或选择的第二点理由。,第二段：观点或选择B,However，there are many others who 观点或选择B。In their opinions/They maintain/They point out 观点或选择B的第一点理由。Besides,观点或选择B的第二点理由。,第三段：“我”的观点或选择,As for me,I agree“我”的观点或选择。/Weight
7、ing up these two arguments/choices.“我”的观点或选择。“我”的第一点理由。“我”的第二点理由。Therefore/To conclude,作出总结。,4.应用文,2005.6 2003.12 2002.1 2007.6 2005.1 2004.6 2002.1 2001.6,其他类型,图表作文：2002.6 谚语型：1997.1观察描述类：2003.6 2003.9,图表阐释类作文,图标阐释类作文一般需要考生描述图表或图画中的数据或画面，解释这些数据或画面反映出的变化、现象或问题，并对其产生的原因、影响或存在的问题进行分析说明。,图表类,1、图形种类及概述法
8、：泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table饼图：pie chart直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram表格图：table流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram程序图：processing/procedures diagram,图表的类型：,柱状图（Bar Graph）,线形图（Line Graph）,饼状图（Pie Graph）,表格（Table）,2、常用的描述用法The table/chart diagram/gr
9、aph shows（that）According to the table/chart diagram/graphAs（is）shown in the table/chart diagram/graphAs can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，It can be seen from the figures/statisticsWe can see from the figures/statisticsIt is clear/apparent from the figures/statistics,3、图表中的数据（Dat
10、a）具体表达法 数据（Data）在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time持续变化的data在不同情况下：增加：increase/raise/rise/go up 减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall 波动：rebound/wave 稳定：remain stable/stabilize/level off,二、相关常用词组1、主章开头图表类型：table、chart、diagram graph、column chart、pie graph描述：show、describe、illustrate、can b
11、e seen from、clear、apparent、reveal、represent内容：figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion,2、表示数据变化的单词或者词组rapid/rapidly迅速的，飞快的，险峻的dramatic/dramatically戏剧性的，生动的significant/significantly有意义的，重大的，重要的sharp/sharply锐利的，明显的，急剧的steep/steeply急剧升降的steady/steadily稳固的，坚定不移的gradual/gradually渐进的，逐渐的slow/slowly缓慢
12、的，不活跃的slight/slightly轻微的、略微地stable/stably稳定的,3、其它在描述中的常用到的词significant changes图中一些较大变化 noticeable trend明显趋势during the same period在同一时期unequally不相等地in the case of adv.在的情况下in terms of/in respect of/regarding在方面in contrast相反，大不相同,第一段：概述图表,主题句：概括图标所反映的总体现象、变化或问题。扩展句一：概述图表中显示的初期的数据或情况。扩展句二：概述图表中数据或情况的变化
13、。,第二段：说明原因,主题句：引出下文对原因的说明。扩展句一：说明第一点原因。扩展句二：说明第二点原因。扩展句三：说明第三点原因。,第三段：说明影响/问题或表达观点,主题句：“我”的思考或看法。扩展句一：第一点影响、问题或注意事项。扩展句二：第一点影响、问题或注意事项。结尾句：经常是提出建议或作出展望。,框架应用：,第一段：概述图表From the chart/graph/table,we clearly learn that+总述现象、变化或问题。图标中初期的数据或情况。However，图表中数据或情况的变化。,第二段：说明原因The following reasons can accoun
14、t for 现象、变化或问题。First of all/To begin with,第一点原因。What is more/Moreover,第二点原因。In addition/Besides,第三点原因。,第三段：说明影响/问题或表达观点From my point of view/As for me,“我”的思考或看法。可能的影响、问题或注意事项一。Besides，可能的影响、问题或注意事项二。Therefore/To conclude,作出结论。,Tips,1.熟读各种类型的范文2.分类型练习，掌握写作模板3.熟悉掌握各种句型,三 针对建议,1.大家拿到作文题目之后，先要仔细阅读题目明确作文
15、的类型。2.开始写作文时一定要段落清楚，有明显的开头，主体和结论部分。3.写文章时候尽量多用一些四级词汇，这样也可以提高老师的印象。4.注意文章的长度安排，短的作文一定是不可以的，也就是字数要达到要求。5.卷面一定要整洁，字一定要写的漂亮，这可以在很大程度上影响你们分数的升降。,四 大学英语四级作文批改常见错误归纳,1.最常见错误：从句连接词缺失，最主要的是THERE BE句型：There is a saying goes.There are many people think that.,2.NO MATTER/WHETHER错误，这是英语专业学生最容易犯的另一类错误：Friendship
16、is important for no matter rich people or poor people.宜改为Friendship is possible,whether for rich people or for poor people.“no matter”后面必须接疑问词。,3.C语类重复。所谓C语类是个句法用语，用于引导一个完整的小句，起标志作用，如that/whether等等：People are not sure that whether.that一词多余,4.LACK/LACKING似乎受汉语语感的影响，多数英语学生似乎认为lack是形容词，所以时常说is lack of.
17、动词lackPeople lack self-confidence.,五 英语四六级写作经典句型,1)主语从句It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.It is well-known thatIt is self-evident/conceivable/obvious/apparent thatIt goes without saying that It is universally acknowledged that,2)宾(表)语从句We cannot understand why he was so cruel to
18、his roommates.The problem is not who will go,but who will stay.,3)定语从句(限定性和非限定性)As is shown/demonstrated/illustrated/depicted/describedin the cartoon/picture/graph/table,There are many reasons why I want to study in your university.It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarett
19、es every year in our country,which is a huge waste.,4)状语从句(时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等)When the man is enjoying the cigarette,the smoke becomes a monster(怪物)which will devour him.Whatever the reason,there are still some problems with student use of computers.,5)分词短语做定语或状语Prof.Kang came to our university,givi
20、ng us a lecture on how to acquire English better.6)倒装句Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.,7)被动句Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.He
21、 is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds.Many people believe that(It is believed that 8)设问句Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?,9)比较1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.3.
22、A may be preferable to B,but A suffers from the disadvantages that.4.It is reasonable to maintain that.but it would be foolish to claim that.5.A and B has several points in common.6.Evidently,it has both negative and positive effects.7.People used to think.,but things are different now.8.It is true
23、that A.,but the chief faults(obvious defects)are.,10)原因 1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that.4.The factors that contribute to this situation include.5.The change in.largely results
24、 from the fact that.6.We may blame.,but the real causes are.7.Part of the explanations for it is that.8.One of the most common factors(causes)is that.9.Another contributing factor(cause)is.10.Perhaps the primary factor is that.11.But the fundamental cause is that.,11)结果1.It may give rise to a host o
25、f problems.2.The immediate result it produces is.3.It will exercise a profound influence upon.4.Its consequence can be so great that.,12)批驳It is true that.,but one vital point is being left out.There is a grain of truth in these statements,but they ignore a more important fact.Some people say.,but i
26、t does not hold water.Many of us have been under the illusion that.A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.It makes no sense to argue for.Too much stress placed on.may lead to.Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that.Contrary to what is widely accepted,I maintain
27、 that.,13)举例 A good case in point is.As an illustration,we may take.Such examples might be given easily.is often cited as an example.,14)证明No one can deny the fact that.The idea is hardly supported by facts.Unfortunately,none of the available data shows.Recent studies indicate that.There is sufficie
28、nt evidence to show that.According to statistics proved by.,it can be seen that.,15)开篇Many nations have been faced with the problem of.Recently the problem has been brought into focus.Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.Recently the issue has aroused great concern among.Nowadays there
29、is a growing concern over.Never in our history has the idea that.been so popular.Faced with.,quite a few people argue that.According to a recent survey,.With the rapid development of.,.,16)结尾From what has been discussed above,we can draw the conclusion that.It is high time that strict measures were
30、taken to stop.It is necessary that steps should be taken to.In conclusion,it is imperative that.There is no easy method,but.might be of some help.To solve the above-mentioned problem,we must.In summary,if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue,more problems will crop upWith the efforts of a
31、ll parts concerned,the problem will be solved thoroughly.,六 考前建议,1.建议考生分解作文观点，扩充内容。2.建议考生在写作时只选择自己能够驾奴的句式和词语。3.建议考生在文章中长短句搭配使用，用短句表达观点，长句推理分析。4.建议考生选用作文模板，限定文章逻辑结构。5.建议考生采用固定的句式，限定文章的字数。,6.开头的2-3句话一定要没有明显的语法错误7.牢记写作里传统三大段的写法;8.英语作文的四句话是得分要点：三段里每段的首句(即主题句)和全文的尾句(起到呼应主题、升华文章的作用);9.在文章中，句型表达要相对灵活，用词力求不重复。10.还有，最好能在这段日子里背诵一些难度不大但是非常正统的地道句型。,
