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1、词类转换 Conversion,最主要的翻译技巧,词类转换就是把英语中的某种词性，转换成汉语的另外一种词性来表达的翻译技巧。,不管在英译汉还是汉译英中，根据翻译成英文或是汉语的习惯，通常都会进行词类转换，以适应英语或是汉语的表达习惯,词类转换：几乎可以在所有词性间进行，名词-动词，动词-名词，介词-动词，副词-动词，名词-形容词,example,I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.你决定战胜复习考试中的困难,这一点我很羡慕.,译者不应是语法老师的乖孩子,传统分类词性(
2、parts of speech)：名词、动词、代词、介词、副词、连接词等奈达的划分法分类词类：实体(object)、事件(event)、抽象概念(abstract)、关系(relations),实体指具体的人和物等，如book,women,ghost等词；事件指行动、过程等发生的事，如go,love,talk,grow 等；,3.抽象概念指对实体和事件等质量和程度的描写，如green,slowly,often等4.关系指用来将实体、事件、抽象概念连接起来的手段，如conjunctions,prepositions等。,不按词性按词类,这四个类别要比词性能更清楚地描写语言成分间的各类关系。,不按
3、词性按词类,the beauty of her dancing/her beautiful dancing beauty(abstract)her(object)dancing(event)试比较：1、她优美地跳着舞；2、她的舞姿优美；3、她舞跳得很美。,不按词性按词类,Environmentally damaging waste,不按词性按词类,传统的语法：environmentally（副词），Damaging（形容词化了的动名词）译成“在环境上有损害的废物”？,奈达的分析法：environmentally（objec）,Damaging（event）Waste（object）三个词之间的
4、修饰关系是 3(waste)does 2(damage)to 1(environment)译成“损害环境的废物”。,名词转换1.名词转译成动词2.名词转译成副词3.名词转译成形容词,名词转译成动词,英汉词语特点,汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。,汉语常用动词形式,兼语式连动式,英语的最一般的句式结构：主+谓,汉语语言动词丰富英语语言名词丰富,英汉互译时学习者要注意增减动词,在英译汉中，英语中许多抽象名词是由动词派生出来的，所以，翻译的时候，将名词复原成动词来表达，则更符合汉语的习惯。,example,He admi
5、res the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。谓语动词只有admires一个词，其他用的是过去分词（stated）、动词派生名词（decision）、不定式（to fight）和介词（for）等,动词派生的名词转译成动词,example,1.The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied t
6、erritories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist.,example,1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。,example,2.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。,example,3.A glance through his office
7、 window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。,example,Wherever you go,there are signs of human presence.无论你走到哪里，总有人迹存在,example,Examples is not the main thing in influencing others.It is the only thing.说以身作则是影响人的主要方法，那是不对的。它是影响人的唯一方
8、法。Wait for a break in the traffic before crossing the road.要等到暂无车辆来往时，才能过马路。,example,To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.在某种程度上说，这已成了一个先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。,example,We were fortunate in our opponent.有这样一个对手，倒是我们的幸运。,英语中：加后缀-er的名词,如:teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动
9、作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。,example,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。,example,Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。,example,He is a good singer.Th
10、ose small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.,作为习语主体的名词 转译成动词,有些短语中作为中心主体词的名词往往可转译成动词，如To have a rest 和To have a good look at 里的rest 和look.,example,You must be tired.Why dont you take a rest?你一定很累了为什么不休息一会呢?,example,The car braked sharply,coming to rest on the edge of the
11、 cliff.汽车猛的刹住,停在悬崖边上.,example,They took a final look at Iron Tower,still intact in the darkness.他们最后看了铁塔一眼它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。,example,The next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没 有提到游行。,2.名词转译成副词,example,When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,
12、his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。,example,The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。,名词转译成形容词,example,This issue is of vital importance.这个问题至关重要的.The pallor of her face in
13、dicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她的苍白的脸色清楚地表明她此时的情绪.,介词转换介词转译成动词,1.介词转译成动词,example,Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.来啦！她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。,example,I flied straight ahead,across the harbor and out o
14、ver the sea.我笔直向前飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。,example,Colonel House was between the sheets by eleven.十一点时，豪伍斯上校已睡在被窝里。,动词转换,动词转译名词,英译汉时，有些动词很难按原词性翻译，这时就需要译成名词才符合汉语的表达习惯。,example,A well-dressed man,who looked and talked like an American,get into the car.一个穿着讲究的人上了车。他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。,Be done受.到遇.到令.,example,He was trea
15、ted very shabbily by the press.I was encouraged by our president.,形容词转换1.形容词转译成副词2.形容词转译成名词3.形容词译成动词,形容词转译成副词,英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词,example,It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。,ex
16、ample,This is sheer nonsense.完全Buckley was in a clear minority.显然,example,We must make full use of exiting technical equipment.,形容词转译成名词,example,Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。,example,They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。,example,Robin H
17、ood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,形容词译成动词,example,Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。,be+形容词,example,I am worried about his health.担心We are satisfied with what she did.感到满意。,与思维和知觉相关的形容词：aware,conscious,certain,sure,
18、mindful,ignorant,alert等；,与情感相关的形容词：glad,pleased,cautious,careful,angry,happy,exhilarated,excited,confident,thankful,grateful,concerned,eager,afraid,doubtful,sorry等,与欲望相关的形容词：desirous,hopeful,anxious,keen,enthusiastic,zealous。,example,Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.,e
19、xample,Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.,example,I am anxious about his health.,副词转译副词转译成动词副词转译成名词副词转译成形容词,1.副词转译成动词,example,That day he was up before sunrise.那天他在日出以前就起来了,example,She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。,副词转译成名词,example,They have not done s
20、o well ideologically,however,as organizationally.但是，他们思想的工作没有他们组织的工作做得好。,example,He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,副词转译成形容词,example,Security laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably equally.证券法要求公司给所有持股人既合理又平等的待遇。,连词转换,英语中连词表示逻辑上的各种关系和含义，翻译时要表示出来。,example,Five
21、and five is ten.五加五等于十。,example,The distance is four kilometers or 2.8 miles.距离是四公里，合2.8英里。,example,Let them call themselves Taiwan and we will invite them.只要他们称自己是台湾，我们就邀请他们参加。,Answers to assignments,1.Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government
22、.2.Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.,Answers to assignments,3.Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy,our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved.4.Im all for you opinion.5.The reform and opening policy is supported by t
23、he whole Chinese people.,Answers to assignments,6.In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward his environment.7.In some of the European countries,the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.,Assignments,1.领导我们学院受教委和市政府的双重(名词转动词)。2.孩子们看电视过多会大大的损坏视力.(名词转动词)3.由于我们实行了改革开放的政策综合国力有了明显的增强.(动词转名词),Assignments,4.我完全赞成你的意见.(介词转动词)5.拥护改革开放政策受到了全中国人民(动词转名词)6.作者在文章中对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评.(形容词转名词)7.在欧洲国家里,人民享受最广泛的社会福利如医疗保险等.(被动转主动),
