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1、句子翻译之谓语的确定,Review-主语的确定,汉语：语义型语言主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或根本无主语；,英语 语法型语言主语突出，易于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；,C-E:以原句主语作译文主语;重新确定主语;增补主语,谓语的确定,刘宓庆先生认为，任何英语句子都可以完形为主谓统携全句的基本态势。主谓是英语句子的主干，是英语句子的灵魂。,谓语的确定,谓语的确定，与主语的选择密切相关。从思维步骤来看，主、谓语的确定互为因果译者根据语义传达和行文构句的需要，在确定主语的时候，也在考虑谓语动词的选择，或者反过来，译者可能先想好了谓语动词，再来选择主语，二者确定的顺序，孰先孰
2、后很难分清。,英汉语谓语对比-谓语翻译的原则,比较是人类认识世界的重要方法，也是语言研究的基本方法之一。所谓语言学理论，实际上就是语言的比较，就是世界各民族语言综合分析研究得出的科学结论。中国语言学大师赵元任 要认识汉语的特点，就要跟非汉语比较，无论语音、词汇、语法都可以通过对比来研究吕叔湘,英汉语谓语对比-谓语翻译的原则,谓语翻译的原则,1）与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 2）与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当3）在人称和数上与主语保持一致4）谓语要明示汉语隐含的时态，情态和语气5）语态：有形式标记/无形式标志的被动式都译成被动结构。谓语的动作发出者不知是谁，或者原文的主语为泛指代词，或者句中含有“据”字式结构
3、，谓语动词也常用被动式。若要突出宾语，则往往将宾语置于主语的位置上，谓语动词采用被动句式。6）原文若是形容词、名词、数词、量词、或介词短语作谓语，译文常常采用系表结构作谓语7）原文由连动词组或兼语词组充当谓语，译文则选一个主要动词作谓语，其他动词用非谓语动词形式或介词短语等。,基于表意的需要,词语本身表意是否准确、贴切（关照原文）谓语与主语的语义逻辑关联以及主谓词语的搭配(collocation with subject)谓语与宾语的搭配 连系动词与表语 的搭配 搭配的修辞效果（关照译文表达）,瞻 前 顾 后,词语本身表意是否准确、贴切,中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。The Centra
4、l Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.“克制自己不去干预”“从不去也不想干预”,“瞻 前”,这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。This incident showed that he was dishonest.根据主语，这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。,同时，我们的对外开放采取了多种方式，包括搞经济特区，开放十四个沿海城市。In the mea
5、ntime,we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways,including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 coastal cities.,世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。At the turn of the century,China is very active in its diplomatic activities.The turn of the century finds China most activ
6、e on the diplomatic arena.（英语表达习惯-敏感度）see witness,20世纪80年代中国一些经济特区开始迅速发展起来.过去五年里我们国家发生了日新月异的变化。南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。,20世纪80年代中国一些经济特区开始迅速发展起来.The 1980s saw the start of the rapid development of some special zones in China.过去五年里我们国家发生了日新月异的变化。The past five years witnessed or saw our country undergo great c
7、hanges with each passing day.,南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.,“顾 后”,秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国.Qin Shihuang,the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty,conquered the other six states in 221 BC.“统一六国”不能译成“unify the other six states,”因为unify只能和 the/a country(统一整个国家）构成符合英语逻辑的动宾搭配。故应重新
8、选择谓语。,（一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进道路上经历了三次 历史性的巨大变化）第一次是辛亥革命，第 二次是中华人民共和国的成立，第三次是改革开放 The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911 The second change was marked by the founding of the Peoples Republic of China The third change was featured by the reform,opening up,3.谓语要和主语保持人称，数的一致 1.改革和开放也使民族精神获得了解
9、放。Reforms and the opening up policy have also emancipated the minds of the people.2.马克思主义也是在斗争中发展起来的。Marxism,too,develops through struggle.,基于构句的需要,4.谓语要明示汉语隐含的时态，情态和语气 他过去那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论什么时 候你都不会忘记。He had a face that once you saw would be never forgotten.家家都有一本难念的经。Every family has its own trouble.
10、,5.1 谓语若为有形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动式作谓语 有形式标志的被动句：在句子中有词汇标示的句子，如：“被，受，挨，遭，叫，让，给，加以，予以”等。他的狗让车给轧了。His dog was run over by a car.村庄被群山环绕，几乎与外界隔绝。The village is surrounded by the mountains and almost cut off from the outside world.,5.2.谓语为无形式标志被动式,译文亦选被动式谓语 无形式标志的被动句：汉语中那些以“受事主语谓语”的句子，其形式是主动的，但意义是被动的。1.茶会上只供应茶和蛋
11、糕。Only tea and cakes were served at the tea party.他的著作已重印了十次。His works have been reprinted ten times.学生要参加实践活动。Students are requested to take part in practice activities.,5.3.若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的 主语为“人们”，“大家”等泛指主语;或者含有“据”字的惯用句式，如“据说、据传、据悉、据查、据报道、据了解”等，在译成英语时往往译成以it作形式主语的被动句。人们认为即使是狗也应该有生存的权利。It is
12、generally agreed that even dogs should have the right to live in the world.据说中国的皇帝荒淫无耻。It is said that the Chinese emperors were shamelessly depraved.,3.众所周知，中国发展核武器完全是为了维护世界 和平。It is well known that China develops nuclear weapons for the sole purpose of maintaining world peace.,5.4 突出宾语，则往往将宾语置于主语的
13、位置上，谓语动词采用被动句式,利用煤和石油可以制成各种各样有用的东西。All sorts of useful things can be produced from coal and oil.我们知道，发电站每天都大量地产生电能 As we know,electrical energy is produced in power stations in large amounts every day.,到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。By the end of last year,contracts and agreements were signed wi
14、th some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and small-sized vessels.,6.原文若是形容词、名词、数词、量词、或介词短语作谓语，译文常常采用系表结构作谓语,1）她今年十八了。（数量词作谓语）She is eighteen this year.2）鲁迅，浙江人。（名词作谓语）Lu Xun was from Zhejiang.3）北京的秋天最美。(形容词作谓语)Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.4）我爸爸今天不在家
15、。（介词短语作谓语）My father is not at home today.,你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable,economical and practical for high school students.,金杯牌气床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。The“Golden Cup”brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanc
16、ed technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.,7.原文由连动词组或兼语词组充当谓语，译文则选一个主要动词作谓语，其他动词用非谓语动词形式或介词短语等。,兼语谓语是由动宾短语套接主谓短语构成的，动宾短语的宾语兼做主谓短语的主语。他叫我投寄这封信。He asked me to post this letter.老师让我翻译这个句子。,连动谓语,现代翻译家林同济先生曾提出汉语的“动词优势说”，他认为：“偏重动词着
17、眼，运用大量的动词集结，根据时间顺序，一一予以安排，甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果这就是汉语造句手法的基本倾向。”,1)他咳着从祖父的房间里慢慢走出来。（家）Coughing,he strolled out of the room of Grandpa.2)妻在屋里拍着闰儿，迷迷糊糊哼着眠歌。（荷塘月色）In the room,my wife was patting the son,Run-er,sleepily humming a cradle song.,他们欢快地一手拿着鞭子，一手扯着缰绳，催马向前。In jolly spirits,they urged the hor
18、ses on,whip in one hand and reins in the other.他端着枪，走进那间黑屋子。He entered the dark room,gun in hand.,中国驻伊朗使馆已启动应急机制，与伊朗有关方面迅速取得联系，要求伊方采取一切必要措施，全力营救中国船员和船只，确保人员船只安全。The Chinese embassy in Tehran has started emergency procedures and contacted related Iranian governmental departments,urging the Iranian si
19、de to take all necessary measures and spare no efforts to rescue the crew members and ensure their safety.,翻译以下句子，特别注意谓语的确定,脍炙人口的传统京剧白蛇传讲的是源自明朝的故事。他在报告里所提到的东西经不起推敲。一踏进门槛，屋子里的混乱景象使我吃了一惊。,The White Snake,one of the most popular traditional Peking operas,is based on a story handed down from the Ming Dy
20、nasty.What he said in his report could not stand close scrutiny.Crossing the threshold,I was taken aback by the mess in the house.,社会主义的本质，是解放生产力，发展生产力，消灭剥削，消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。就是要对大家讲这个道理。（谓语及主语的确定）基本路线要管一百年，动摇不得。招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目。董事会会议应用中文和英文作详细记录，并在会议结束后14日内送交每位董事，由出席董事会会议的各位董事签字确认。,社会主义的本质，是解放
21、生产力，发展生产力，消灭剥削，消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。就是要对大家讲这个道理。（谓语及主语的确定）The essence of socialism is liberation and development of the productive forces,elimination of exploitation and polarization,and the ultimate achievement of prosperity for all.This concept must be made clear to the people.,基本路线要管一百年，动摇不得。We should
22、 adhere to the basic line for a hundred years,with no vacillation.这个例子最精彩。若在译文里保持“基本路线”作主语，要为谓语动词“管”字在英语里找一个对应词可就太难了。万般无奈，只好重新组织句子。结果就是现在这个译文。译者引入we作主语，动词也作相应的调整，用adhere to，把the basic line作宾语。前边的we把后边的with no vacillation也管住了。这句译文既简单，又流畅，实在太妙了。,这个地方发生了很多起自杀事件。在16及17世纪，关于宇宙的科学观发生了翻天覆地的变化。那家商业剧院上演了一系列优
23、秀的音乐剧。The place witnessed numerous suicides.The sixteenth and seventeenth century witnessed a sweeping change in the scientific view of the universe.The commercial theatre has seen a series of excellent musicals.,招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目。The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many busine
24、ssmen from Southeast Asia to Singapore to hold talks on different projects.,3.董事会会议应用中文和英文作详细记录，并在会议结束后14日内送交每位董事，由出席董事会会议的各位董事签字确认。译文：Detailed minutes of the board meeting shall be prepared in Chinese and English and shall be delivered to each director within fourteen（14）days of the conclusion of the meeting to be signed and confirmed by each of the directors who attended the board meeting.“会议”不可能“作”“详细记录”，会议是无生命个体，不可能完成记录的工作，建议用“详细记录”作为主语，而且它的确也是后面两个分句中“送交董事”和“签字确认”的主体。,
