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1、多项选择题（multiple-choice items）,Objective VS subjective,Subjective and objective are terms used to refer to the scoring of tests.Listening and reading ability can only be tested objectively.Speaking and writing ability is often tested subjectively.Objective:difficult to construct but easy to markSubjec
2、tive:easy to set the questions but difficult to mark,Objective VS subjective,Objective tests can never test the students ability to communicate in the target language nor can they evaluate actual performance.A good classroom test will probably contain both subjective and objective test items.Multipl
3、e-choice item is one of the most widely used types of items in objective tests.,Advantages,优点：评分节省人力、时间和费用。评分信度高。题项形式多样，适用范围广。,Disadvantages,It tests only recognition（识别)knowledge.Guessing（猜测)is an inevitable factor.It severely restricts what can be tested.Its very difficult to write successful item
4、s.Backwash may be harmful.(test-taking strategy 应试技巧)Cheating may be facilitated.Hughes:P60,General principles when constructing multiple-choice items,Each multiple-choice item should have only one answer.Only one feature at a time should be tested.Each option should be grammatically correct when pl
5、aced in the stem,except of course in the case of specific grammar test items.Heaton:P29,General principles,All multiple-choice items should be at a level appropriate to the linguistic ability of the testees.The context should be at a lower level than the actual problem which the item is testing.Mult
6、iple-choice items should be as brief and as clear as possible.In many tests,items are generally arranged in rough order of increasing difficulty.,选择题应遵循的原则,最重要的原则是：只有作为答案的选择才是适当的。其他选项肯定不适当。除此之外，还有一些原则也应该遵守：选项应该简短，能够明确达意。题项的目标要尽可能单一，或不可过多。要说明选择的方法。采取措施，减少胡乱猜测的现象。,多项选择题的构成,多项选择题的基本成分题干（stems）选项（choice
7、s,options或 alternatives）选项：答案（answer/correct option/key）干扰项（distractor）就数量而言，选项为三个或四个的居多。,Someone who designs houses is a _.A.designer B.builder C.architect D.plumber分析选项，干扰项，答案。,The horse is _ farm animal.A.aB.anC.theD.不填干扰项的干扰力太弱。,John soon returned to _.A.work B.the prisonC.homeD.school 提供语境少，从而导
8、致多个答案可接受。I,like music,_ I dont have time for it.A.and B.soC.butD.because语境限定较好,The boys hobbies referred to in the first paragraph of the passage were _.A.camping and fishingB.tennis and golfC.cycling long distancesD.fishing,rowing and swimmingE.collecting stamps选项过多，加重阅读负担，分散注意力。,A She was a bank m
9、anager.B She was a victim of the robbery.C She was a defense lawyer.D She was a witness to the crime.A.The traveler is reluctant to buy travel insurance.B.The traveler is ready to buy travel insurance.C.The traveler doesnt have to buy travel insurance.D.Travel insurance is not mentioned in the conve
10、rsation.听力或阅读理解的选择项，分析考点。应试策略,编写步骤,确定考点：每道题目只考一个考点。编写题目：题干、选项（答案和干扰项）stem,option/response/alternative(answer/correct option/key,distractor)注意事项,stem,The primary purpose of the stem is to present the problem clearly and concisely.The stem may take the following forms:an incomplete statement,a complet
11、e statement,a questionThe stem should usually contain those words or phases which would otherwise have to be repeated in each option.The stem should allow for the number of choices which have been decided upon.,题干(stem),最好来自于实际语言交流的自然篇章。(naturally-occurring discourse)提供足够的信息，同时又不包括无关的信息或暗示。应包含选择项中重复
12、使用的同一个词或短语。（固定词组或搭配不能拆开）刘：P52,Tom was _ the other two boys.A.taller than B.smaller thanC.as tall as这种情况下，无法再增加选择项,I would take an umbrella with me.Had I been youI were youWere I youI had been you 考查语法，但语言不得体，不真实自然。最好来自于实际语言交流的自然篇章。(naturally-occurring discourse),South America.is a flat,arid countryi
13、mport coffee from the United Stateshas a larger population than the United Stateswas settled mainly by colonists from Spain提供足够的信息，同时又不包括无关的信息或暗示。,Most of South America was settled by colonists from.England FranceHollandSpain考点明确，轻松作答。,Dont you remember?seeing the man beforeto see the man beforesaw
14、the man beforeto have seen the man before选择项不够经济，重复过多。,Dont you remember _the man before?seeing B.to see C.saw D.to have seen应尽量避免选择项重复使用同一词或短语。,I got a suit at Bernard Halls Jacket B.overcoat a pair of shoes D.a set of clothes固定搭配的词或短语不要把他们拆开。,I got a suit at Bernard Halls a Jacket B.an overcoat a
15、pair of shoes D.a set of clothes,答案(answer/correct option/key),只有一个正确答案或最佳答案。Each item should contain only one correct or best option.正确答案的长度应与选项的长度大致相同。The correct option should be approximately the same length as the distractors.,正确答案的分布要以随机的形式出现。The correct option should appear in each position a
16、pproximately the same number of times in a test.This can usually be achieved if it is placed at random in a certain position or if all the options are placed in alphabetical order.However,if the options have a natural order(e.g.figures,dates),it is advisable to keep to this order.,Blackwell started
17、his career as a lawyer in _.A.1921B.1925C.1926D.1932正确答案的分布要以随机的形式出现。,The dictionary costs him.Less than$20Less than$25More than$27More than$30设计中只应该有一个正确答案或最佳答案。,The dictionary costs him.Less than$20Less than$30 Between$20 and$24Between$27 and$29正确答案或最佳答案必须是没有争议的。,干扰项(distractor),来源于学生的普遍错误。要与正确答案保
18、持同等难度。选意义相近的词。如果意义不相近，那么放在上下文中也要有一定的道理。词义不相近但形式相近也可以起到一定的干扰作用。不必强求四个选项都相互近似，两两相近也可以。刘：P57,Each distractor should be reasonably attractive and plausible.It should appear right to any testee who is unsure of the correct option.For most purposes,each distractor should be grammatically correct when it s
19、tands by itself.Plausible distractors are best based on(a)mistakes in the students own written work,(b)their answers in previous tests,(c)the teachers experience,and(d)a contrastive analysis between the native and target language.Distractors should not be too difficult nor demand a higher proficienc
20、y in the language than the correct option.,Peter was seen crying when he was coming out from the principals office.We can that he must have been punished by the principal.A.induceB.inductC.deduceD.deduct词义不相近但形式相近。可两两相近。,命题注意事项,语言正确、地道、得体、简洁。避免试题的偏颇性。选项与题干的相容性问题。尽可能保持选项的相似性。题干或干扰项不要为答题提供线索。避免出诡计题(tr
21、aps)。(Heaton:P14)刘：P59,The whole family ate dinner at the restaurant.A.cafB.tea houseC.hospitalD.clinic考查的应为语言能力而不是文化背景知识。避免试题的偏颇性。,The best way to increase the reliability of a test is to_.A.increase the test lengthB.removing poor quality itemsC.test should be readable for all test takersThe presen
22、t tax reforms have benefited _ poor.A.that B.the C.a D.an只有A可以与题干相容。,You need a _ to enter that military airfield.A.permutation B.perditionC.permit D.perspicuity 尽可能保持选项的相似性。,How did Picard first travel in space?He travelled in a space-ship.He used a large balloon.He went in a submarine.He jumped fr
23、om a tall building.题干或干扰项不要为答题提供线索。,The story deals not so much with one hero or a few central figures _ with a collective body of workers at their jobs.A.withB.as C.up D.through好学生更容易应定势而出错的题目。避免出诡计题(traps)。,Exercises,1.The door opened and _.A.into the room came she B.into the room she cameC.into t
24、he room did she come D.into the room she did the come答案1.The door opened and into the room _.A.came she B.she came C.did she come D.she did the come原题的选项不够简洁，可将重复的部分放入题干。2.We may infer from this paragraph that people _.A.all need the same kind of rest B.do not usually need rest C.rest much more than
25、 they should D.do not all rest in the same way答案We may infer from this paragraph that people _.A.all need the same kind of rest B.do not usually need rest 可改为 do not usually need so much rest C.rest much more than they should D.do not all rest in the same way本题是一个阅读理解题。尽管没有附上语篇，但选项B从常识推断也可知是不合理的这样的选
26、项容易被排除，因此要修改。4.Sometimes the temperature drops down by _.A.three degrees B.five degrees C.less than three degrees D.less than five degrees答案 本题的选项C和 D有重叠的部分，可能造成多答案的情况，因此应在C或D中改成写一项，使四个选项没有重叠的部分。D选项把5.When Henry arrived home after a hard day work,_.A.his wife slept B.his wife had slept C.his wife ha
27、s slept D.His wife has been sleeping答案 When Henry arrived home after a hard day work,his wife _.A.slept B.had slept C.has slept D.has been sleeping修改的原因与1同。6.Almost everyone fails _ the drivers test on the first try.A.passing B.to have passed C.to pass D.in passing答案 Almost everyone fails _ the driv
28、ers test on the first try.A.passing B.to have passed C.to pass D.in passing 改成 at passing原题的C和D都可以，出现了多答案情况，因此在这两个选项中可任改一个。7.The boys hobbies were _.A.camping and fishing B.tennis and golf C.cycling long distances D.collecting stamps答案选项C和D放入题干后就出现语法错误，题干The boys hobbies were表明有两个“爱好”，而选项C和D都只有一个爱好。
29、因此，C可改成cycling and reading，D也作相同的修改。8.Did you enjoy that trip?Im afraid not.And _.A.my classmates dont either B.my classmates dont too C.either do my classmates D.neither did my classmates答案 本题四个选项测试了either的用法，语序和时态，违背了每题只能有一个测试重点。因此可以以某一个为重点，如改成以语序为测试重点：A.neither did my classmates B.my classmates d
30、id neither C.my classmates did neither D.neither my classmates did less than改为more than,要科学、合理地设计考点例：W:How old is your sister,John?M:She is ten years old,and Im thirteen.Question:How old is John?A.Hes seven B.Hes ten C.Hes thirteen.,例：The boy is very thirsty.Would you _ him some _,please?A.take,brea
31、d B.bring,drink C.get,eggs D.help,cakes,试题设计要具有严密的科学性和严谨性例：The three months of spring in China are _.A.December,January and February B.March,April and May C.January,February and March D.February,March and April,选项本身在语法上应该是正确的例：He _ to the USA many times.A.has been B.has went C.had go D.had went,4选项长度要适当、均衡5要保证试题的答案没有争议例：You were in Shanghai last week,_ you?A.were B.werent C.did D.didnt,例：-Would you mind if I open the window?-_,though its a little cold.A.Yes,please B.Sure C.Not at all D.Sorry 例：You look hungry.Dont you want _ to eat?A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything,
