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1、一、大学英语四级题型介绍,四级新题型对记分体制和成绩报道方式也做了调整：1、满分为710分，不设及格线；2、各单项的满分分别为：听力249分；阅读249分；综合测试70分；作文 142分,二、听力训练的要点和应试方法,（一）听力训练的几点建议,1、减少听音的遍数，整体把握听音内容；2、不要对照文字材料听录音；3、保持平衡的情绪和良好的心理状态；4、精听和泛听相结合；精听要熟练掌握语篇的语音、语义、词汇和句型等，可以采用Listen and write(dictation),listen and repeat,listen and answer questions等方法,材料不宜过长过难；泛听是
2、在精听的基础上，不需要完全理解，是培养从整体上扑捉信息的能力和逻辑思维能力。,（二）听力记忆的训练方法,1、复述记忆法；2、情景记忆法；3、重点记忆法；4、关键词、句记忆法,（三）应试方法,1、充分利用考试中可以利用的时间；2、进行快速训练；3、略听听力考试中反复出现的部分；4、仔细听问题；5、大胆猜测答案；,三、听力三种题型应试技巧,（一）对话部分应试技巧,1、把握宜混读音；2、关注表意功能强的词、短语或句式；3、掌握常见话题中短语与表达方式 1）借书、2）教师与学生关系、学生问教师问题、3）同学之间交流、4）家庭生活场景如外出活动、旅行、家居生活、休闲等、5）顾客与医生、服务员、秘书等如在
3、机场、约见、餐厅、旅馆、商店、邮局、医院等；6）社会交往如谈运动、爱好、娱乐、闲聊、在公共场所、谈工作、谈天气谈居住、租房等；7）警察与公民,（二）短问理解应试技巧,1、浏览问题，根据问题预测内容；1）由于问题多为对细节的考察，所以选项加上题干的内容大致相当与文章的内容；2）问题的出现顺序与文章内容的顺序基本一致；3）综合运用相关北京知识和文章中出现频率较高的词 来确定文章的大致内容；2、做适当、简要的笔记；3、抓主题句；4、记住关键词，进一步确定文章的中心内容；5、根据常识做适当的猜测；6、注意关键词，把握短文的发展脉络。,（三）复合式听写应试技巧,复合式听写比听力选择题更强调语言的综合运用
4、能力，考生不仅应具有良好的听力能力，还应具有叫强的拼写能力，记笔记能力和书面表达能力。1、通过卷面提供的文字扑捉信息，找出线索、了解大意；2、听写结合，双管齐下；3、提高记笔记的效率；4、书面表达的内容要点；1）将内容要点分列为几点；2）要点尽可能用完整的简单句表达；3）尽量省去句中可有可无的修饰成分，4）检查核对内容要点；5）听写第一部分要求填写所缺单词，不能仅凭读音判断为何词，还应运用语言知识，修正听力细节上的不足，从语法结构、词语搭配、意义连贯、上下文等去推测；第二部分应力求要点完整、准确，减少语法、拼写错误。,四、翻译应试技巧,（一）词类转换法,1、副词转名词 座位上的那个女孩正好奇地
5、大量着那位老妇人。The girl in the seat is studying the old woman with interest.2、动词转副词 真正的胜利不是胜过其他选手，而是胜过自己的体力。The real victory is not over ones fellow runners but over ones own body.,3、名词转动词 一位穿着考究、外表、谈吐像英国人的人上了火车。A well-dressed man,who looked and talked like an English,got into the train.4、形容词转名词 无论发生什么，我们
6、都深信这一新政策是正确的。Whatever happens,we are deeply convinced of the correctness of this new policy.,(二）正反转换法,英文中有些正面意义的词在译成中文时从反面来表达更符合汉语的习惯，反之亦然。When we read we may visit the most beautiful parts of the earth,without fatigue,inconvenience,and expense.我们阅读时可遍访地球上最美丽的地方，轻松、便捷、便宜。You will lose your chance if
7、 you delay your action.如果迟迟不采取行动，你就会坐失良机。,（三）增译法,增译法是在译文中增加适当的词，是译文意思更完整，符合英语的习惯，如英语中的先行词、系动词、代词、介词、连词、冠次、名词复数形式等。汉英希望这次会议尽早召开。It is desirable that the meeting should be held as soon as possible.(it)他们已经适应了这里的气候。They have fitted themselves to the climate here.(themselves)我们从工人和技术人员那儿学了不少东西。We have l
8、earned a lot from the workers and technicians.（名词复数）,（四）省译法,在将汉语翻译成英语时，可适当省略部分词。1、单位量词 学生们在一间明亮的教室里上课。The students have their class in a bright classroom.2、助词 我的梦想终于实现了。At last my dream came true.3、概括词或表示名词复数的词 这个问题涉及心理和生理两个方面。The problem was both psychological and physiological.,4、表达不同事态的词 现在应该从全球范
9、围来考虑环境问题。It is time to consider the environmental problems on a global scale.5、解释性文字 尽管有种种不周到之处。这个计划仍被认为是最佳方案之一。This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.,(五）语太转换,当地政府要求他在医院里创建一个创伤医疗中心。He was asked by the local government to set up an injury center at the hospital.,（六）
10、分译与合译,Man are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.男人们不会上时装设计者的当，因为他们很聪明。（分译）We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secrets of the universe.我们期待着科学家们能够发现更多宇宙奥秘的那一天。（合译）,五、快速阅读技巧,I.Predicting,Active readers are making predictions before serious readin
11、g and they make corrections of their understanding of the reading passage from time to time while reading the material.There are many helpful steps to take in order to read for information before you actually begin reading.You can look ahead to the content of a passage in a number of ways.,1.Look at
12、 title.It tells what you will be reading about,so that you can make some possible predictions about the content of the reading passage.2.Look for subtitles.Appearing below titles in heavy,dark print or in italics,subtitles suggest the kind of material you will find in a small section of the reading,
13、which offers help in making predictions.,3.Look at pictures,charts,or drawings if there are any.Often an illustration helps you figure out ahead of time what your reading will deal with.4.Look at the first sentence of each paragraph.This may also give you a quick idea of what the reading is about be
14、fore you begin to read carefully.If you find your prediction is not correct when you read on,dont worry!You can adjust your understanding of the paragraph with the information you acquire during your reading.This is the reading process after all!,II.Skimming,Scanning involves searching for details o
15、r isolated facts(see Unit 1)whereas skimming is to read quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage.Skimming requires the reader to note only information and clues which provide an idea of the central theme or topic of a piece of writing.,When you skim,you read only selected sentences in o
16、rder to get the main idea.You should also use textual clues such as italicized or underlined words,headlines or subtitles,spacing,paragraphing,etc.Do not read every word or sentence.Once you have a general idea about an article you may decide to read the entire selection carefully,or only to scan fo
17、r specific pieces of information in order to answer questions which have occurred to you.,When you skim,you probably have to move your eyes faster than when you scan although the same steps of reading are involved.Of course,the key step is to decide what information you want to know,and then try to
18、skim for it.,III.Scanning,Broadly defined,to scan is to read quickly in order to locate or find the place in a piece of writing where a particular item of information is given and to take in that item of information.This kind of reading involves no reading in any detail of large sections of the piec
19、es of writing.Perhaps it is particularly useful in reading newspapers or some magazines.The steps involved in scanning are the following:,1.Decide exactly what information you are looking for,and think about the form it may take.For example,if you want to know when something happened,you would look
20、for a date.If you want to find out who did something,you would look for a name.,2.Next,decide where you need to look to find the information you want.You probably would not look for sports scores on the front page of the newspaper,nor would you look under the letter S for the telephone number of Sam
21、 Potter.3.Move your eyes as quickly as possible down the page until you find the information you need.Read it carefully.,4.When you find what you need,do not read further.Here are three examples that may illustrate how we probably scan for some particular information in it.,Obviously,the whole text
22、is taken from a newspaper.It is a report in fact about a certain person who is not honest.Having a glance at the title,the reader may want to know:Who is he?With this question in mind,the reader moves his/her eyes quickly down the first paragraph:Toumintoul,Scotland On Saturday night at The Grouses
23、Nest,theyre still willing to raise a glass or two to“Lord Williams”,though now this title prompts laughter.And now they just call him“Tony”.Then the reader stops at the word“Tony”.By now he/she has got the answer or the information he/she wants.,Having satisfied himself/herself by finding the answer
24、 to the question,the reader may have another question out of curiosity:How much has Tony stolen?To answer this question the reader keeps his or her eyes moving quickly until he or she reaches the following sentence in paragraph 9:According to the court,Mr.Williams stole more than 8 million over eigh
25、t years.Sure enough,the answer is“more than 8 million”.,六、仔细阅读应试技巧,（一）事实细节题,1、命题规律1）列举（First second to begin with futhermore,in addition on one hand on the other hand)2)举例与打比方（as,such as,for example,for instance,etc)3）指示代词出现处（考查上下文之间的句际关系和意义）,4）引用人物论断处常考5）特殊标点符号后的内容常考 由于标点符号后的内容是对前面内容的进一步解释说明，所以命题者常
26、对其后的内容进行提问。特殊标点符号包括：破折号（表解释）、括号（表解释）、冒号（表解释）、引号（表引用）,2、答题技巧1）若是针对举例子、引用名人言论、特殊符号后的内容出题，只读例子、名人名言、符号前后句内容，然后与选项对号入座。例如：Prsident Coolidges statement,“The business of America is business.”still points to an important truth todaythat business institutions have more prestige in American society than any
27、other kind of organization,including the government.,Q:The statement“The business of America is business”probably meas“_”.The business institutions in America are concerned with commerce.Business problems are of great importance to the American government.Business is of primary concern to Americans.
28、America is a great poer in world business.,2)如果题目是针对某一段的内容提问，只看该段内容。3）选项中照抄或似乎照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义词替换的选项一般是答案。Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m.on a holiday,when traffic was light on the citys highways.In addition,changes made to the construct
29、ions codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the citys buildings and highways,making them more resistant to quakes.,Q:One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that _.New computers had been installed in the buildings.It occurred i
30、n the residential areas rather than on the highways.Large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday.（照抄，曲解原文）Improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways.,4)选项中表达意义较具体、或肤浅地表达了字面意思的，一般不是答案项，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。Is it worth is?Two things experts consider when j
31、udging any risk are:1)How likely the event is;and 2)How bad the consequences are if the event occur.Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years.,Q:What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?It is very unlikely but
32、 the danger exists.（概括）Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.Its still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.,5）选项内容与其他三项有较大差别的，可能是答案。Most our patients welcomed another human being with whom they cou
33、ld talk openly,honestly,and frankly about their trouble.Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed,to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.,Q:The need of a dying patient for company shows_.His desire for communication with other peo
34、pleHis fear of approaching deathHis pessimistic attitude towards his conditionHis reluctance to part with his family,6)答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案，包括：must,always,never,the most,all,merely,only,have to,any,no,completley,none,hardly,而选项中喊有不十分肯定的语气词一般是答案。如：dould,may,often,should,usually,might,most,more or less
35、,relatively,be likely to,possible,not neccessarily,Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them.Q:According to the passage,people wearing uniforms_.Are usually helpfulHave little or no individu
36、al freedom(绝对）Tend to lose their individualityEnjoy greater popularity,七、完型填空应试技巧,（一）注意词汇知识的运用,1、注意动词自身的结构功能对于动词来说，一般从两个方面设计干扰项，一是动词的结构功能，如能不能接宾语，接什么样的宾语，能不能接复合宾语；二是上下文的语义要求。Individuals of every race _ civilization to go backward or forward.a.make b.cause c.move d.turn,2、注意分析动词所包含的肯定及否定含义及其与上下文的关系做动
37、词选择题时，除观察动词自身的结构功能外，还应注意其语义功能，如有的词具有肯定含义有的具有否定含义。Do not talk too much to the child during meal times,but let him get on with his food,and do not _ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food so he can hurry back to his toys.A.agree B.allow C.force D.persuade
38、,3、注意分析上下文的情景,有些选项仅平凭结构功能很难判断，应注意分析上下文的情景，对于行为动词的选择应想象当时发生的事情。The plane was moving unsteadily through the air,and while the passengers had fastened their seat belts,they were suddenly _ forward.A.shifted B.thrown C.put D.moved,4、注意上下句的联系，不要孤立地根据一句话进行判断5、注意词汇与话题的同现,每个单词都有其适应的空间和适合的话题，与同一话题相关连的单词就构成了一
39、个以话题为中心的词汇链，可以借助词汇链的知识帮助完成选择,I have no doubt that all of these people were _ in school that the earth revolves around the sun;may even have written it on a test.learned B.suggestedC.taught D.advised,6、注意介词的表意功能和搭配功能,完型填空中涉及到的选择有两种：一是常用介词的基本用法；二是与介词有关的搭配，做题时将介词选项的表意功能和上下文结合起来即可。,7、根据代词在上下文中的替代作用进行选择,
40、就代词而言，重点看其在上下文中的替代作用，特别注意that,one等的使用。The foreign reserch scholar usually isolates _ in the laboratory as a means of protection.A.himself B.him C.oneself D.one,8、注意词语的搭配，根据搭配选择正确答案,1）注意常用短语动的辨认2）注意动词一名词、介词和副词的搭配3）注意形容词与名词的搭配4）注意名词与介词的搭配5）注意形容词与介词的搭配,9、注意区分同义词、近意词和形似词,除具备一定的词语辨析能力外，主要看上下文的语义关系They ex
41、pect students,particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference _ in the library.selections B.collectionsC.sources D.origins,10、运用语法知识,1）根据虚拟语气选择时态2）根基句子的虚拟条件选择连词3）注意定语从句关系词的运用，由此判断先行词4）根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用5）根据桑下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连接词6）注意分析连词在从句中的作用和语义要求7）注意倒装的条件,（二）运用篇章技巧,1、运用词汇复现技巧1）原词复现
42、上下文中同一概念重复出现2）近义词、同义词复现 同义词、近义词是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言是上下文语义得以连接。3）反义词复现 语义的连贯有时通过对比结构而采用反义复现的手段，或者以反义的方式对前文加以解释。,4）同源词复现 Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for reading lie with the students.If a long reading assignment is given,the instructors expect students to be familiar with the in
43、formation in the reading When research is _,the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with guidance.collected B.assigned C.distributed D.finished,5)上义词复现上义词具有概括作用，在写作时，作者会先概述、在分述，概述时用的为上义词，分述时用的为下义词。Regardless of his method,he is working to obtain a _ result:the constr
44、uction of a harvesting machine,the burning of a light bulb,or one of other objectives.A.Single B.sole C.specialized D.specific,2、运用词汇同现技巧同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇中1）场所同现(study-field)2）修饰同现 3）因果同现4）结构同现5）同义同现,（三）逻辑关系,完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。转承语不同于连词，连词是句子层面上的内容，转承语是语篇层面上的内容，需要根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系确定适当的表达方
45、式，选择转承语时，要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。,The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection;_,what he needs is to be fitted(with)a highly organized university system quite different from at home.otherwise B.moreoverC.however D.also,（四）根据文章的类型结构答完型填空题,1、根据段落类型确定适当的转承语不同类型的段落有不同的叙述逻辑，因此有不同的转承语，如采取例证方式的段落常用渐进的叙述逻辑，转承语有：For one thingFor anothermost agreeable of all，采取举例方式的段落常用For exampleBesidesThen againthe main problem转承语。,2、根据段落类型寻找复现、同现信息3、从段落类型入手把握文章内容,（五）运用常识把握文章内容,
