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1、大学英语语法讲解,情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法),must+have+过去分词（用于肯定句）一定已经.The light is still on.They must have forgotten to turn it off when they left the room.注:mustnt have done,cant(couldnt)+have+过去分词（用于否定或疑问句）不可能.He cannot have been to that town for I saw him just now.,should/ought to+have+过去分词 本应该做(却没有做).As his bes
2、t friend,you should/ought to have helped him.(but in fact,you didnt.),shouldnt/ought not to+have+过去分词 本不应该做(却做了).You shouldnt have parked your car here,for its a public place.,neednt+have+过去分词 本不必做You neednt have waited for me.I told you yesterday I would overwork.,with,with+doneWith the homework fi
3、nished,the boy went out.with+doingWith the old man leading the way,we finally find the house.,with+prepWith the light on,all the students went out of the classroom.,虚拟语气的用法,概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示,虚拟语气用于条件状语从句,(1)与过去事实相反Ifhad+done,would(should,could,might)+have+doneIf yo
4、u had taken my advice,you wouldnt have failed in the exam.,与现在事实相反If+did(bewere)，would(should,could,might)+doIf he had time,he would attend the meeting.If I were you,I should study English.,与将来事实相反If+did(bewere)/were to/should+do,would(should,could,might)+doIf you came tomorrow,we would have the mee
5、ting.If it were to rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.,虚拟语气用于宾语从句在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用(should)+do。如:advise,suggest,propose,request,require,insist,demand,order,command,desire We suggested that we(should)have a meeting.We insisted that the meeting(should)be cancelled.,注意：suggest 作“暗示，表明”解时，
6、insist 作“坚决认为”解时不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态。Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.Her sun-tanned face suggested that she was in excellent health.,虚拟语气用于主语从句It is necessary(important,natural,strange,essential,etc.)that sb(should)+动词原形 This is a very difficult operation.It is essential that you be prepar
7、ed for emergency.,It is be suggested(desired,ordered,proposed,advised,etc.)that sb(should)+do,虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request，wish等名词的表语从句、同位语从句。其谓语动词用(should)+动词原形We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.,it is(high)time
8、 sb+did It is(high)time we left.,虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中(要是就好了)If only I had taken his advice.,account for:解释某事物的原因Please account for your rude behavior.bring up:抚养She was brought up by her aunt.get through:(设法)完成;(使)通过There is a lot of work to get through.She got all her pupils through the test.,try t
9、o do:设法做某事We try to finish the work on time.endeavor(fml.)to do:设法做某事We endeavor to finish the work on time.succeed(in)doing 成功做某事We succeed in finishing the work on time.,as a result:结果As a result,two people were killed in the accident.by the way:顺便By the way,please give it to Mary.on the contrary:
10、与此相反It doesnt seem ugly to me;on the contrary,I think its rather beautiful.,pick out:挑出He picked out the ripe peach.make out:辨认Can you make out what that sign says?give off:发出(蒸汽,光等)The food gave off a bad smell.,separate:分开separatefromcompare:比较compareto/withcontrast:contrast(to/with)对比，相比,come up
11、with:提出He came up a new idea for increasing sales.catch up with:赶上After a term,she caught up with the other students in her class.keep up with:跟上We should keep up with the pace of the modern society.,定语从句,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等和关系副词when,where,why等。
12、他们在定语从句中担任句子成分。,who（代替人）:I know the man who/that is standing under the tree over there.whom:The doctor(whom)you are looking for is in the room.Who stands near the river is our school.,whose（可代替人和物）Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?I live in a room whose windows face south.which（代替物）The build
13、ing which stands near the river is our school.,that(可代替人和物)The letter(that)I received was from my father.注意:在下面几种情况下必须用“that”1.先行词是不定代词：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything All that(what)we have to do is to practise every day.,2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。The first lesson(that)I learned will never
14、be forgotten.3.先行词被all,any every,few,little,no,some等修饰。I have read all the books(that)you gave me.,when I will never forget the day when I met Mr.Liu.where This is the place where we lived for 5 years.why I know the reason why he came late.,限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。,非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常
15、关系代词不能省略，不用that。I have two sisters,who are both students.关系代词which，as可指代前面整句话的内容。As we all know,he studies very hard.P184第49题,倒装句,英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象叫做倒装。,全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。,以 out,in,up,down,away,here,there,等副词开头的句子里。Here comes the bus.,部分倒装：把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,否定副
16、词提前的句型中，否定副词有hardly,not,nowhere,seldom,not only,scarcely,never,little,at no time,in no circumstance.I shall never do this again.Never shall I do this again.如：P184第52、53题、P206 第48题、P230 第47题,relieve:解除或减轻(痛苦、忧虑等)relate:relateto/with把和联系起来retain:保持；保留,ignore:忽视；忽略neglect:忽视；忽略refuse:拒绝,as for(sb./sth.
17、):至于As for you,you should be ashamed of yourself.besides:除了Besides me,they all went to the Summer Palace.except:除了Except me,they all went to the Summer Palace.,sufficient:充足的，充分的effective:有效的efficient:有能力的，有效率的respective:各自的，分别的,progress:进步，进展proceed:继续前进，继续下去promote:推销propose:建议，计划,分词做状语,分词或分词短语作状语
18、时，可以表示时间，原因，行为方式，伴随状况等。1.现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。,主 动 被 动一般式 doing being+done完成式 having+done having+been+done,Being a student,I must study hard.(原因)Having been examined by the doctor,the patient went home.,注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。Time permitting,I will fi
19、nish another lesson.P195 第46、47题、P219 第53题、P231 第52题,过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。The teacher stood there,surrounded by the students.He lay half dead,with all his fibs broken.P172 第49题,represent:代表；描绘，塑造；陈述present:将某物赠予或交给某人supply:供应supply sb.with sth.Supply sth.to sb.,explode:爆炸expand:扩大expose:
20、暴露exposeto将暴露于explore:开发,spread:展开display:展示，陈列locate:位于，坐落于be located in,instance:事例character:性格；人物item:条款，项目detail:细节,look out:小心；向外看look after:照顾look into:调查look on:旁观,occasion:时刻，场合situation:状况，处境in a situationcondition:条件under/inconditionenvironment:环境,I could do nothing but accept it.I could s
21、ay nothing but to accept it.,except that:除了She remembered nothing about her except that her hair is black.except for:除了It is a good article except for some spelling mistakes.but for:要不是But for the rain,we would have had a nice holiday.,It is.beforeIt is.sinceIt is five years since we left school.,co
22、ntain:包含，包括The story contains 3 parts.secure:保护，使某物安全The law can secure the civil rights the old people.reserve:保留These seats are reserved for the special guests.maintain:保持,sufficiently:充足地approximately:大概地considerably:很，相当地properly:正确地,come across:碰巧遇到come up:长出地面The grass are just beginning to co
23、me e to:到达；等于某数The bill comes to$30.When we came to the room,no one were in it.,come over:从一地来到另一地Why dont you come over to England for a holiday?,impression:印象His speech made a strong impression on us.reaction:反应comment:评论Do you have any comment on this matter?,other:另外的Some people are singing,and
24、other people are dancing.,benefit:使(某人)受好处The policy will benefit all the people.affect:影响Smoking will affect you health.guide:指导，引导He guided me to my seat.effect:使发生，引起effect a change,in relation to:与有关This matter is in relation to many people.in contrast to:与对比Her white hair is in sharp contrast t
25、o her dark skin.in excess of:过度He was in excess of alcohol.in favor of:支持,at heart:内心里;基本上Im a country girl at heart.in person:亲身，亲自You must come here in person.on purpose:故意的He did that on purpose.by nature:天生的,祈使句,and.If,.If we had had five minutesearlier,we could have caughtthe last train.,cant h
26、elp but do禁不住做某事cant help doing禁不住做某事We cant help laughing.,There is no point(in)doing sth.做没有什么意义/作用,turn over:(使)翻身或翻转She turned over and slept.turn up:(声音)调大;出现turn on:打开;Please turn on the TV.,turn down:(声音)调低;拒绝Its too noisy;please turn down the radio.My advice is turned down.,contribute to:捐助；
27、贡献promote:提升，提高；推销refer:refer to:提起，说到Dont refer to the man again.matter:关系重大；要紧It doesnt matter.,cultivate:耕作；陶冶Reading is the best way to cultivate ones mind.raise:举起；提升；抚养Please raise your hand.adopt:收养acquire:获得He studied hard and acquired a good knowledge of English.,apply:apply tofor向申请He appl
28、ied to the government for a passport.demand:要求The workers are demanding a better pay.,anticipate:期望，预料suppose:以为，料想What do you suppose he wants?,sensible:明智的，通情达理的sensitive:易受伤害的；敏感的severe:严格的，严厉的；非常恶劣的solemn:严肃的，庄重的,obviously:显而易见地surprisingly:令人吃惊地particularly:特别地，尤其地normally:正常地,affair:事情，事件accident:事故incident:小事emergency:紧急事件，紧急情况,
