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1、1.格式的翻译,格式 指一定的规格式样。1.1斜体字 英文有斜体字,汉译时常用书名号、黑体字、着重号来标示。章节的标题,书刊,剧本,乐章和电影名称,例如:,The course she took were Basic Physical Science,Plane Trigonometry and Composition.她学习的课程是基础物理知识平面三角和作文。,夹有外来语,如法文、德文、拉丁文等,But the trend is clear.Tour comprendre cest tour pardoner(To understand everything is to excuse eve
2、rything).但趋势是明显的。理解一切即原谅一切。(用着重号),区别、比较、强调用斜体字这一部分的重要性,And yet there is a fifth freedom-basic to those four-that we are in danger of losing:the freedom to be ones best.然而还有一个我们正面临着丧失危险德第五自由:达到自己最佳水平的自由。而这一自由正是上述四大自由的基础。,用于船舰名称、飞机型号和导弹型号等,Eskimo“爱斯基摩”号/“爱斯基摩号”Scud Missile 飞毛腿(导弹),1.2人名地名,名字为缩写,姓为非缩写G
3、.D.KerrG D 克尔(用中圆点)名字中的一个字为非缩写,另一个字为缩写,而姓为非缩写George D.Kerr乔治 D 克尔,复姓或双名,复姓:Leslie Hore-Belisha 莱斯利霍尔-贝利莎双名:Julien-Philippe Lacheroy 朱利安菲利普拉歇鲁瓦,汉译英时,双名两个拼写在一起,不可分开,中间不用联字符“-”,只有第一个字母大写。复姓两个字也拼写在一起,只大写第一个字母,欧阳修 Ouyang Xiu司马相如 Sima Xiangru,同名父子姓名前或后面加上Sr.或者Jr.,Both Jr.George W.Bush and Sr.George W.Bush
4、 are sentimental men,and they love and trust each other.小布什和老布什感情丰富,他们彼此相爱,互相信任。,地名中间用半字线的,表示一个地方;用一字线的表示两个地方,Brest-Litovsk Agreement布列斯特-立托夫斯克条约(英汉都是半字线)ChinaParis air line 中国巴黎航线,1.3大写(特殊规则),在英文标题中,第一个字的首字母及其实词的首字母要大写。如果某个虚词超过了7个字母(含7个字母),这个词的首字母也要大写。,He is reading The Song of Zhou Enlai.他正在看周恩来之歌
5、。I am reading Get Through the Examination.我正在看考试及格这本书。(Through有七个字母,t大写),汉语书名号里的文字内容是一篇文章,或一首诗等,英译时,书名号转换成引号,故乡是鲁迅短篇小说选一书中最优秀的篇目之一。“My Old Home”is one of the best stories in the book Selected Stories of Lu Xun.,关于上帝的名词或代词经常大写,谋事在人,成事在天。Man proposes,and Heaven/God disposes.智慧无穷的上帝会惩罚那个独裁者。God in His
6、infinite wisdom will punish that dictator.,强调词语的首字母或全部字母必须大写,此处不准到垃圾。Dumping is NOT allowed here.,标点符号是怎样诞生的,最初发明标点符号的目的,是为了便于朗读。英文punctuation(标点符号)一词,源自拉丁文punctus,意思就是“点”。这些“点”让读者知道哪里需要稍停,哪里需要加强语气等。,西方标点源于古希腊,在公元前5世纪的希腊文都是连写。当时的大学者亚里士多德在“修辞学”一书中,提到哲学家赫拉克利特的著作因为连写而难以断句。到后来亚历山大图书馆馆长阿里斯托芬(公元前257-公元前18
7、0年)才创制出三级点号:中圆点()、上圆点()、下圆点(),从无到有,且成序列。,西方新式标点系统的奠基人是意大利语法学家和出版家A马努提乌斯(约1450-1515年)。他以语法原则取代诵读原则,制定5种印刷标点:逗号(,)分号(;)冒号(:)句号()和问号(?)。他的家族在百年间出书近千种,行销欧洲各地,这几种基本标点陆续为各语种普遍采用。15世纪印刷术发明后,印刷界希望统一标点符号的用法,各式各样的标点符号用法纷纷出现。,中文的标点符号是从西方借来的,翻译家严复的 英文汉诂(1904年出版)是最早把外国标点符号用于汉语的著作。,2.标点符号的翻译与变通,2.1句号,汉语句号除译成英语句号外
8、,还可译成英语的逗号、连词、逗号加连词等。,直接引语,英汉的逗号、句号、问号均可放在引号内,“But,”retorted Mr.Simon,“I believe he was a man without malice.”“但是,”西蒙先生反驳说,“我相信他是个不怀好意的人。”,引述部分文字时,英文既有将句号置于引号之内,又将句号置于引号之外。汉语则通常将其置于引号之外,In May,Jiang commanded Chinese to“talk politics”.五月,江要求中国人“讲政治”。,最后一字碰巧是英文后汉字,如果目标语是汉字时,句末用圆圈的句点,如果目标语是英文时,句末用实心的句
9、点。,His oral English is very poor,and he probably can only say“yes”and“no”.他英文讲的不好,大概只会说yes和no。,我发现用英文解释中国的“缘分”很难。I found it difficult to definite in English the Chinese word“缘分”.,译文的最后一个字碰巧是个英文字,且本身带有缩写号,译成汉语时,句末用汉语的句点,English people often put Sr.and Jr.before the surname in order to distinguish the
10、 father and son.英国人为了区别同名的父子俩,常在他们的姓名前面加上Sr.及Jr.。,如果有英文缩写词出现在句末,缩写词后加了点,句末就不在加点,美国和苏联签定了和平协议。The U.S.signed a peace agreement with the U.S.S.R.,汉语句号译成英语的逗号、连词,妈妈笑了。我也跟着笑了。Mother smiled,and I smiled too.太阳下了地平线。软风一阵一阵地吹上人面,怪痒痒的。The sun had just sunk below the horizon and a gentle breeze caressed ones
11、 face.,2.2问号和感叹号,由于语气的改变,汉语感叹号转换成英语的句号。“这样稀奇的事?活了几十年,还没见过嘞!”“Do such things really happen?Ive lived more than half a century,but Ive never seen anything like that.”,汉语问号换成英语感叹号,难道他是在刻苦工作吗?Was he working hard!,2.3逗号汉语没有逗号,为了表达清楚,英文需加逗号,例如:,外面刮着风。Outside,the wind is blowing,句子中,如果有插入语,不能放在一个逗号之前或之后,一般
12、置于两个逗号中间。,他这么做可以说是“孔夫子面前卖文章”。In doing so,he was,so to speak,displaying his knowledge before Confucius.如果时间来得及,在乡下游览时最好是徒步旅行。The best way to see a country,unless you are pressed for time,is travel on foot.,由于句子结构的改变,汉语逗号译成句号,黑漆漆的,不知是日是夜。Pitch dark.I dont know whether it is day or night.,2.4分号2.4.1 忽略
13、不译I work;you sleep.我工作你睡觉。分号译成逗号加连词、句号,如:When we started,the sky was clear;but before we had gone two li,it began to rain.我们动身时天上明净无云,但走了不到两里路天就开始下雨了。,中秋过后,秋风是一天比一天凉,看看将近初冬;我整天靠着火,也穿上棉袄。After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day,and winter was approaching.Even though I spent all my
14、 time by the stove,I had to wear my padded jacket.,2.5冒号,2.5.1 主要用在列举事物、引用的句子前面,而且这些句子常包含有there be,mean等词,如:,Always,though,there is the underlying idea that organized sport is a valuable and productive use of a young persons time.然而,总是有一个基本想法:有组织的体育活动是对青少年时间的很有价值、很有成果的利用。,用在一个附加的解释性的分句前面,相当于that is
15、to say,for example,I mean,You cant count on him to help:he is such a busy man.不能指望他帮忙,他是这样一个忙人.,转换成句号,孤在江南,即慕大名,今来拜访,要先生指示:浙人久反之后,何以能服其心?When I was still in Jiangnan your fame reached my ears,and now I have come to consult you.The people of Zhejiang have rebelled many times.What can I do to win thei
16、r love?,2.6顿号,英文没有顿号,汉语的顿号译成英语的逗号。如果原文句子中只有一处顿号,在译文中可译使用一个and,如果有两个以上的顿号,最后一个顿号要变为and。,搞一点原子弹、氢弹,我看有十年工夫完全可能。I think it is entirely possible for us to develop some atom bombs and hydrogen bombs within ten years.在中国我们每到一个城市,就逛大街、逛商店、逛公园、上剧场、下饭店。In every Chinese city,we got into the street,shops,parks
17、,theatres and restaurants.,2.7括号,分内括号,外括号。用来注释或说明整个句子)句内括号的内容可以视情况而定,放在某些词组或整个句子之后译出或用其他形式表达,如:,If the transgenic animal is fertile,the inserted foreign gene(transgene)will be inherited by future progeny.如果转基因动物具有繁殖能力,植入的异体基因(即转基因)就会遗传给下一代。,用增加括号的方法将译文的原文中的解释限制性的部分译出,When I went to Ynan in the summe
18、r of 1946,the Anti-Japanese War,and the Second World War of which it was a part,had been over for just a year.我在1946年去延安的时候,抗日战争和第二次世界大战(抗日战争是第二次世界大战的组成部分)结束了刚刚一年.,2.8撇号(四种译法),2.8.1.省年号The World Horticulture Expo991999年世界园艺博览会或用年号译作:99世界园艺博览会,省音号lectric=electric复数号Many M.P.s许多下议院议员The“seven donts”in
19、 promoting good behavior提倡良好行为的“7不”How many 5s have you got in this semester?这个学期你有几个“5分”?He wrote his ts in the wrong way.他写t的时候笔顺不对。,2.9破折号,直接译出为有效进行注释、补充说明,有时要添加破折号,如:他得到了他应该得到的处分。He received what he deserved-punishment.,用在一个解释性插入语的前面或后面,相当于一个括号的作用,He had already picked another man as the instrum
20、ent of his policy in South-East Asia-Oliver Elliot.他已物色了另外一个人-奥利弗。埃利奥特-作为他执政东南亚政策的工具。,汉语破折号转换成英语逗号、括号和句号,反之也然,他-我那永生难忘的朋友用他最后坚强的生命教育了我。He,the friend who will always live in my heart,set me an example by his fearless fight and heroic death.,你是为了那灯盏里点的两芯灯草,不放心,恐费了油。Youre worried because there are two
21、wicks in the lamp-thats a waster of oil.,他又向摆号麻将牌的八仙桌上一扫,坐在桌旁的另外三个人-一个女的两个难得也全看着他含着笑意点点头。He glanced at the square table with the mahjong set where a woman and two men were sitting.They nodded and smiled at him.,Well live longer(120years?).If the normal aging process is basically a furious,invisible
22、contest in our cells-a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells ability to repair that damage-then 21st-century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reverse the process.,我们将活得更长(120岁?)。如果说通常的衰老过程主要是我们细胞内的一场激烈而不可见的竞赛的话(一场对我们的脱氧核糖核酸进行破坏同我们体内的细胞对破坏的组织进行修复的竞赛),那么21世纪遗传医学的巨大成就就会使我们能够控制,甚至逆转这一工程。,汉语的破折号转换成英语的and连词,于是我自己解释说:故乡本也如此,-虽然没有进步,也未必有如我所感的悲凉。Then I rationalized the matter to myself,saying:Home was always like this,and although it has not improved,still it is not so depressing as I imagine.,