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1、第一章CMMI Overview,南台科技大學 資管系,Table of Contents,流程與流程改善CMMI 的基本認知CMMI 的誤解台灣現況與建議 Q&A,流程與流程改善,What Is a Process?,A process(流程 or 過程)is a set of practices(or a sequence of actions)performed for a given purpose.Integrating people,procedures&methods,and tools together.Example?,Defining a Process,A mature
2、process is documented with process notations,e.g.,data flow diagrams,activity diagrams,check lists,flowchart.Activity details:Purpose,participants,inputs,entry criteria,work products,outputs,exit criteria,performance measure,sub-practices,and work items.,What Is a Software Process?,A software proces
3、s is a set of activities,methods,practices,tools,and transformations that people employ to develop and maintain software.The associated products include project plans,design documents,code,test cases,user manuals,What Is a Process Model?,A process model isa common set of process requirements,capturi
4、ng best practices,practical knowledge to guide priorities.a structured collection of elements that describe characteristics of effective processes.A process model is usedas a guide to modify or create processes using practices that have been proven to increase process capability.to assess process ca
5、pability for two purposes:Establish a baseline for improvement.Measure progress as improvement activities proceed.,Modeling the Software Process,Decomposing the software process,it can be viewed as a set of defect injection and defect removal activities.,Defect Estimating,Benefits of ProcessImprovem
6、ent,Process improvement is aimed at increasing the capability of work processes.Process capability:the inherent ability of a process to produce planned results.As process capability increases,it becomes predictable and measurable.major causes of poor quality and productivity are controlled or elimin
7、ated.,Model-Based Process Improvement,Process improvement(流程改善)cycleManagement commitment and an assessment.The findings from assessment to feed action plans.Plans complete,perform further assessments.The cycle continue.,A Process Improvement Approach by SEI:IDEAL Model,Initiating,Diagnosing,Establi
8、shing,Acting,Learning,ProposeFutureActions,AnalyzeandValidate,Pilot/TestSolutionCreateSolution,Develop Approach,Set Priorities,DevelopRecommendations,Characterize Current and Desired States,CharterInfrastructure,BuildSponsorship,Stimulus forChange,Set Context,ImplementSolution Refine Solution,Plan A
9、ctions,A Process Improvement Approach by SEI:IDEAL Model(2),InitiatingSet context,Build sponsorship,charter infrastructureDiagnosingCharacterize current&desired states,Develop recommendationsEstablishingSet priorities,Develop approach,Plan actionsActingCreate solution,Pilot/test solution,Refine solu
10、tion,Implement solutionLearningAnalyze and validate,propose future actions,CMMI 基本的認知,CMM 和 CMMI 的演進,Carnegie Mellon University USA DOD Supported Software Engineering Institute(SEI)1987First CMM(Capability Maturity Model)published as a technical report1989Book on the software maturity framework publ
11、ished1991 CMM V.1.0 for software published1993/1994CMM V.1.1 for software publishedPSP(Personal Software Process)developed by the SEI1995New specialized CMM published by the SEI,including CMMs for software acquisition(SA-CMM),system engineering(SE-CMM),integrated product development(IPD-CMM)and huma
12、n resource management(People-CMM),CMM 和 CMMI 的演進(2),1996TSP(Team Software Process)developed by the SEI1997New Quality Standards continue to emerge,such as EIA/IS 731,CMMI(Capability Maturity Model Integration)project by the USA DOD.12/2000CMMI V.1.02 Published(Translation of Chinese Version by III 資
13、策會)12/2001CMMI V.1.1Pulblished2003 The SEI has announced-SEI will discontinue any support of CMM after December 2005.,A Proliferation of Models and Standards,CMMI的發展,Sponsored by the US Department of Defense(DOD)and National Defense Industrial Association(NDIA)Collaborative endeavor,over 100 people
14、involved fromSoftware Engineering Institute(SEI)GovernmentIndustry,The Three Source Modelsin CMMI,Numbers of Process Areas,Four Disciplines of CMMI,CMMI-SW/SE/IPPD/SS includes four disciplines:Bodies of knowledgeSystem engineeringSoftware engineeringIntegrated product and process developmentSupplier
15、 sourcing,Four Disciplines of CMMI(2),System engineering focus on transforming customers needs,expectations,and constraints into products and supporting these products through their life.Software engineering focus on applying systematic,disciplined and quantifiable approaches to the development,oper
16、ations,and maintenance of software.,Four Disciplines of CMMI(3),Integrated Product and Process Development(IPPD)is a systematic approach that achieves a timely collaboration of relevant stakeholders throughout the life of the product to satisfy customers needs,expectations,and requirements.Must sele
17、ct one or more disciplines in addition to IPPD.Supplier Sourcing covers the acquisition of products from suppliers.Must select one or more disciplines in addition to SS.,CMMI 模式的表述,CMMI 提供兩種流程改善的方法組織成熟(maturity)方法:Staged representation(階段式表述)uses predefined sets of process areas to define an improve
18、ment path for an organization and is described by a model component called a maturity level.流程能力(capability)方法:Continuous Representation(連續式表述)uses capability levels to characterize improvement relative to an individual process area.,CMMI 模式的表述(2),Staged representation(階段式表述):ML 1.Initial ML 2.Manag
19、ed ML 3.DefinedML 4.Quantitatively Managed ML 5.OptimizingContinuous representation(連續式表述):CL 0.Incomplete CL 1.Performed CL 2.Managed CL 3.Defined CL 4.Quantitatively ManagedCL 5.Optimizing.,ML:Maturity Level,Capability Level,模式表述的比較,PA,PA,連續式,階段式,ML 1,ML2,ML3,ML4,ML5,Capability,0 1 2 3 4 5,Organiz
20、ation,Process,PA,Maturity,階段式改善層級,初始層,(1),管理層,(2),定義層,(3),量化管理層,(4),最佳化層,(5),訓練,流程,標準,一致,流程,可預測的,流程,連續,改善,流程,(performed),(planned and tracked),(standard),(measured),未執行(0),1 初始層,Staged Organization of 25 PAs,Level,Focus,CMMI Maturity Levels,階段式表述的Model Components,連續式表述的Model Components,CMMI 評鑑的方法,AR
21、C,V1.0 Appraisal Requirements for CMMI Version 1.0SCAMPI Method Standard CMMI Assessment Method for Process Improvement(SCAMPI)Method Definition Document(MDD),CMMI 評鑑方法等級,評鑑目的,為確認目前的實力和改善的機會。建立組織目前存在的基線(Baseline)。確認目前階段與目的階段之間狀況的差距。評鑑結果可做為流程改善活動的需求。,評鑑原則,使用 SACMPI reference model for CMMI。使用一個正式的評鑑流
22、程。以高階主管作為評鑑發起人。Focus the appraisal on the sponsors business goals.Observe strict confidentiality and non-attribution of data.Focus actions and decisions from appraisal results.,執行方法實施的評鑑Appraisal of Practice Implementation,三種指標類型直接成果(Direct Artifacts)間接成果(Indirect Artifacts)證實(Affirmations),指標一：直接成果
23、,指標二：間接成果,指標三：證實,Organization Size,Number of CMMI Appraisal by Country,March 2005Taiwan 13 China 34Japan 77India 70USA 280United Kingdom 25Korea-23,September 2005Taiwan 18 China 62Japan 100India 104USA 365United Kingdom 29Korea-30,Move to the Higher Level,For organizations that began their CMM-based
24、 SPI effort in 1992 or later,the median time to move from:maturity level 1 to 2 is 22 monthsmaturity level 2 to 3 is 19 monthsmaturity level 3 to 4 is 25 monthsmaturity level 4 to 5 is 13 months,CMMI 的誤解,CMMI 的誤解,1.Creativity vs.ProcessCreativity is one of the important themes for National scale pro
25、jects.One common misperception is that process is somehow the enemy of creativity.This is wrong.Process is not the opposite of creativity;it is the opposite of chaos.Process creates discipline and repeatability by putting individual activities into a precise framework.When organizations have process
26、 perspective,they can focus their creativity where it belongs in the content of their work rather than on the structure of their work.,CMMI 的誤解(2),2.Moving from ML 1 to ML 3-Skip ML 2At level 2,the focus is on projects.At level 3,two additional generic practices are implemented by level 2 process ar
27、ea GP3.1 Establish a Defined processGP3.2 Collect Improvement InformationAt level 3,the emphasis shifts to the organization.Best practices are gathered by MA(a long period)across the organization(ML 2).Processes are tailored as appropriate.Engineering(RD,TS,PI,VER,VAL),Infrastructure(OPF,OPD,OT),Pro
28、ject(RSKM,IPM),Support(DAR)The organization supports the projects by establishing:Common processes-Common processes does not necessarily mean one process.(Menu of Processes)Common measurementsTraining,CMMI 的誤解(3),3.Moving from ML 3 to ML 5-Skip ML 4ML4:Organizational Process Performance(OPP)and Quan
29、titative Project Management(QPM)GG 4:Institutionalize a Quantitatively Managed ProcessGP 4.1:Establish Quantitative Objectives for the Process.GP 4.2:Stabilize Subprocess Performance.The process Performance Baselines include:Individual process elements(ex.Rest-case inspection element,ML 2 and ML 3)S
30、equence of connected processesProcesses that cover the entire life of the project(Req.Management)Process for developing individual work products,CMMI 的誤解(4),4.CMMI for ODM/OEM(e.g.,India)Japan is the Model Better Quality,International Business,.5.Small OrganizationCMMI fits in the Small Organization
31、 TailoringCollaboration of CompaniesSee SEI Report Organization Size,6.CMMI Appraisals Status Misconception,Branch Achieved CMMI ML 2 Only,Announce:The Whole Company Achieved CMMI ML 2.,CMMI 的誤解(5),organization,7.SCAMPI Practices Implementation Indicator(PII)e.g.,AffirmationsIt is not answers to a p
32、re-defined questions.How CMMI work was done in the Organization Unit(OU)rather than the correct answers to the CMMI questions.CMMI Practices,CMMI 的誤解(6),CMMI 的誤解(7),8.Tools vs.通過 CMMI 評鑑Collect“process requirements”for support tools and investigate possible short-term and long-term tool solutions.工具
33、是配合各流程使用，僅是輔助工作，流程的制定、產品開發設計能力的培養更為重要。Tools are neither a necessary conditions nor a sufficient conditions for 通過 CMMI 評鑑。,For More Information about CMMI,SEI CMMI Web site System Engineering Web Site http:/,台灣現況與建議,台灣資訊產業特性,我國資訊國力 硬體強 軟體差【聯合新聞網 記者祁安國報導】IDC昨日公布今年最新的全球資訊社會指標(Information Society Index
34、)，我國在全球排名第20，但在亞太地區不如香港、新加坡、韓國，我國號稱是資訊大國，可是這次公布的排行榜，透露出台灣只靠硬、欠缺軟，資訊教育和普及率在亞洲四小龍中敬陪末座。,台灣資訊產業特性(2),Small Companies NO CM,QA,M&A,Training,.Information Service Companies:5385*Employee 500+6*Employee 100-49963*Employee 100-5316(98.7%)*Employee 5-3393(66.3%),PlanningRequirementsDesignQuality Assurance,Bu
35、ild,System IntegrationChange ControlRelease ControlVersion ControlMaintenance,TAIWAN,USA,台灣系統生命週期特性,中華民國資訊軟體協會受經濟部工業局軟體工業五年發展推動計畫委託執行軟體工業生產力提升計畫，特成立軟體產業服務團，輔導軟體產業項目包括 CMMI 軟體品質技術輔導。資訊工業策進會受經濟部技術處委託執行 CMMI能力建立先期規劃計畫及 先進資訊技術引進計畫等科專計畫，積極輔導軟體業界導入CMMI模式。中華民國資訊軟體品質協會成立於2003年1月，成立宗旨為推廣資訊軟體品質觀念、加強資訊軟體品質教育、協
36、助各界提升資訊軟體品質及促進資訊軟體品質產、學、研合作。,國內 CMMI 推動情形,行政院科技顧問組於推動台灣策略性服務產業策略規劃會議第二次策略規劃會議結論：,提出推廣CMMI認證制度，提升資訊服務業者之服務品質-鼓勵廠商建立制度提升服務規模與品質 2007年促成 LEVEL-3廠商達50家 2008年促成 LEVEL-3廠商達70家及LEVEL-5廠商達5家2008年起大型政府e化專案採購及旗艦計劃之補助，廠商需達CMMI Level-3以上方可參與,國內 CMMI 推動情形(2),行政院科技顧問組於推動台灣策略性服務產業策略規劃會議第二次策略規劃會議結論：BEST旗艦計畫執行策略。,國內
37、 CMMI 推動情形(3),已通過 CMMI Level 2 評鑑的機構-18 資策會-資訊系統實驗室(2002.10.11)-洪肇奎博士輔導 碩網資訊(2002.10.25)Reuters Ltd.認證 三商電腦-公共事業部(2003.04.18)寶發科技顧問公司輔導 工研院電通所-K組(2003.09.04)洪肇奎博士輔導 漢龍科技(2004.7.16)洪肇奎博士輔導 漢康資訊(2004.7.23)洪肇奎博士輔導 中冠資訊(2004.7.30)洪肇奎博士輔導 和平整合資訊(2004.8.12)寶發科技顧問公司輔導 中華電信研究所-IVAT(2004.10.20)洪肇奎博士輔導 騰蒙科技(2
38、004.11.26)寶發科技顧問公司輔導,國內導入 CMMI 的軟體公司,中山科學研究院資訊管理中心(2004.12.10)-台灣應用軟件公司輔導資策會-電子商務實驗室(2004.12.10)TCS(TATA)顧問公司輔導星動科技股份有限公司)-寶發科技顧問公司輔導資策會-網路及多媒體實驗室(2004.12.20)-TCS(TATA)顧問公司輔導工研院電通所網際網路軟體技術組與通訊系統組及資訊系統部(2005.1)洪肇奎博士輔導新鼎系統股份有限公司(2005.7.21)-寶發科技顧問公司輔導鼎升數位科技(2005.8)洪肇奎博士輔導哈瑪星科技(2005.8)洪肇奎博士輔導啟台國際資訊(2005
39、.8)洪肇奎博士輔導中華電信數據分公司-GEIS(2005.9.16)洪肇奎博士輔導,國內導入 CMMI 的軟體公司(2),已通過 CMMI Level 3 評鑑的機構-5 資策會-資訊工程研究所(2004.6.11)-洪肇奎博士輔導 凌群電腦(2004.6.25)Trimentus Technologies公司輔導 神通資訊 碩網資訊(2005.11)-鈺新科技輔導精業電腦)-寶發科技顧問公司輔導,國內導入 CMMI 的軟體公司(3),政府(甲方),供應商(乙方),採購計畫,供應商選擇與協議,追蹤與監控,接受交付與結案,軟體招標需求書(Request for Proposals,RFP)*需
40、求,成本,時程,準備需求規劃書,合約,供應商協議,Development驗證(Verification)Progress ReviewsMilestone Reviews,狀態回報里程碑審查問題清單矯正措施,確認(Validation)Acceptance Tests交付,客戶需求接受測試準則,(政府委外作業與合約流程監控概觀),Government Source Selection and Contract Process Monitoring Overview,台灣採購流程的特性,軟體招標需求書(Request for Proposal,RFP)不明確。軟體招標需求書的成本和時程不合理。專
41、案執行追蹤、監控與驗收的問題。政府與供應商 雙方損失(Government and Suppliers Both Failure)。,建議,Establish&Maintain Government Source Selection and Contract Process Monitoring成立專家團隊發展 Light-Weight CMMI 的委外作業與合約流程監控指引(Real-Life Example:NASA JPL Template)對政府採購人員提供了解CMMI 的訓練選擇並執行先導計畫以獲得得執行 Light-Weight CMMI 委外作業與合約流程監控的經驗建立與執行知識
42、有價,建議(2),2.Establish and Maintain Taiwan Software Profile.,IndustryProjects,AcademicTechnical Support,AcademicAnalysis&Packaging,Raw Data,Updated Requests,Models,Relationships,processes,Project information,Validated Data,Models,Relationships,analysis reports,建議(3),3.垂直分工&水平整合,*CMMI Promotion&*BEST,C
43、ompany#1,Company#2,Company#N,.,CMMI評鑑輔導 SEI SCAMPIBEST For Small Companies integrating for CMMI Promotion,建議(4),4.加強國際化，引進國外計畫讓臺灣具有CMMI認證的公司能夠有機會接受案子。E.g.Promote Out-Sourcing Opportunity from USA to Taiwans CMMI認證的公司。III,ITRI and Chunghwa Telecom.should provide the driving forces,e.g.,any project 60
44、%outsourcing to industry專業分工Provide Products and Services Quality Control with CMMI Standard,規劃需求設計品質保證,發展,測試變更控制(Control Change)發行控制(Release Control)版本控制(Version Control)維護,CMMI的目標是提升軟體工程的執行，使得專案能更有效的完成和交付,解決方案 CMMI Win-Win,Taiwan CMMI相關網站,SPIN-Taiwan:(CMMI技術服務網)http:/SPIN-Sournthren Taiwan:(CMMI技術服務網)/自由軟體研發專案(Light-Weight CMMI)http:/中華民國資訊軟體品質協會:http:/中華民國資訊軟體協會:http:/經濟部工業局軟體產業服務團:http:/,Q&A,
