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1、矿物加工专业英语1,Chapter 1 第一章Introduction 导论1.1 Mineral and Ores 矿物与矿石1.1.1 Minerals 矿物 The forms in which metals are found in the crust of the earth and as seabed deposits depend on their reactivity with their environment,particularly with oxygen,sulphur,and carbon dioxide.Gold and the platinum metals ar
2、e found principally in the native or metallic form.Silver,copper,and mercury are found native,as well as in the form of sulphides,carbonates,and chlorides.The more reactive metals are always in compound form,such as the oxides and suphides of iron and the oxides and silicates of aluminium and beryll
3、ium.The naturally occurring compounds are known as minerals,most of which have been given names according to their composition e.g.galena-lead sulphide,PbS;sphalerite-zinc sulphide,ZnS;cassiterite-tin oxide,SnO2.,专业词汇:Metal:金属 crust：地壳 seabed deposits：海底矿environment：环境 sulphur：硫 carbon dioxide：二氧化碳
4、Gold：黄金 platinum：铂金 native：自然的 metallic form：金属形式 Silver：银 copper：铜 mercury：汞 sulphide：硫化物 carbonate:碳酸盐 chloride：氯化物 reactive metals：活性金属 compound form：化合物形式 oxide：氧化物silicate：硅酸盐 aluminium：铝 beryllium：铍 composition：成分 galena：方铅矿 lead：铅sphalerite：闪锌矿 zinc：锌 cassiterite：锡石 tin：锡 iron：铁,参考译文：金属在地壳中和海
5、底的存在形式取决于它与其环境元素，尤其是与氧、硫和二氧化碳的化学反应活性。金和铂主要以“自然”或者说金属形式存在。银、铜和汞通常以硫化物、碳酸盐和氯化物形式存在，其单质形式亦存在。活性更大的金属总是以化合物形式存在，例如，铁以氧化物和硫化物形式存在，铝和铍以氧化物和硅酸盐形式存在。自然产生的化合物就称为矿物，大部分矿物是根据它们的化学成分而命名如方铅矿-硫化铅；闪锌矿-硫化锌；锡石-锡的氧化物。,1.1.2 Metallic ores 金属矿The abundance of metals in the oceans is related to some extent to the crusta
6、l abundancies,since they have come from the weathering of the crustal rocks,but superimposed upon this are the effects of acid rain-waters on mineral leaching processes;thus the metal availability from sea-water shown in table 1.2 does not follow precisely that of the crustal abundance.The sea-bed i
7、s likely to become a heavily exploited source of metals in the near future for the so-called“manganese nodules”are rich in a variety of metals in addition to manganese.These nodules are continuously being formed in oxygen-rich waters particularly in the Pacific Ocean.,abundance of metals:金属含量 to som
8、e extent：在一定程度上 weathering of the crustal rocks：地壳岩石的风化acid rain-waters：酸雨mineral leaching processes：矿物浸出过程the crustal abundance：地壳含量manganese nodules：锰结核oxygen-rich waters：富氧水 the Pacific Ocean：太平洋,翻译：金属在海洋中的含量在一定程度上与其在地壳中的含量有关，因为海洋中的金属来自于地壳岩石的风化，但另一个影响因素是酸雨对于矿物浸出过程的影响；因此表1.2中示出的金属在海洋中的含量并非与其在地壳中的含
9、量完全一致。海底可能在不远的将来成为金属的重要来源，因为所谓的“锰结核”不仅含锰，而且还富含很多种其它金属。这些锰结核在富氧海水中还在不断形成，尤其是在太平洋海水中。,1.1.3 Non-metallic Ores 非金属矿 Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic or non-metallic according to the use of the mineral.Certain minerals may be mined and processed for more than one purpose.In one category
10、 the mineral may be a metal ore,i.e.when it is used to prepare the metal,as when bauxite hydrated aluminium oxide is used to make aluminium.The alternative is for the compound to be classified as a non-metallic ore,i.e.when bauxite or natural aluminium oxide is used to make material for refractory b
11、ricks or abrasives.,专业词汇：Ores of economic value 有价矿石物 mined 开采processed 加工 category 目录 bauxite 铝土矿hydrated aluminium oxide 水和氧化铝refractory bricks 耐火砖 abrasives 磨料有价矿物按照其用途可分为金属和非金属矿物。某些矿物的用途可以不仅仅只有一种。在一种情况下某种矿物可以是一种金属矿物，即当它用于生产金属时，如铝土矿水和氧化铝用于生产金属铝时；另一种情况下铝土矿被分类为非金属矿物，即当它用于生产耐火砖或磨料时。,1.2 Scope of Min
12、eral Processing 选矿的作用Mineral processing is concerned mainly with the physical methods of separation,which may be:.Separation dependent on optical and radioactive properties,etc.This is often called sorting,which commonly included hand selection of high-grade ores until relatively recently.Separation
13、 dependent on specific gravity differences.This utilises the differential movement of minerals due to mass effects,usually in hydraulic currents.Although the method declined in importance with the development of the froth flotation process,it is now being increasingly used due to improved techniques
14、 and its relative simplicity compared with other methods.It also has the advantage of producing less environmental pollution.Separation utilising the different surface properties of the minerals.Froth flotation,which is undoubtedly the most important method of concentration,is affected by the degree
15、 of affinity of the minerals for rising air-bubbles,within the agitated pulp.By adjusting the“climate”of the pulp by various reagents,it is possible to make the valuable minerals air-avid aerophilic and the gangue minerals water-avid aerophobic.This results in separation by transfer of the valuable
16、minerals to the air-bubbles which form the froth floating on the surface of the pulp.Separation dependent on magnetic properties.Low intensity magnetic separators can be used to concentrate ferromagnetic minerals such as magnetite,while high-intensity separators are used to separate paramagnetic min
17、erals from their gangue.Magnetic separation is an important process in the beneficiation of iron ores,but also finds application in the treatment of paramagnetic non-ferrous minerals.It is widely used to remove paramagnetic wolframite and hematite from tin ores,and has found considerable application
18、 in the processing of non-metallic minerals,such as those found in beach sand deposits.,.Separation dependent on electrical conductivity properties.High-tension separation can be used to separate conducting from non-conducting minerals.This method is interesting,since theoretically it represents the
19、“universal”concentrating method;almost all minerals show some difference in conductivity and it should be possible to separate almost any two by this process.However,the method has fairly limited application,and its greatest use is in separating some of the minerals found in heavy sands from beach o
20、r stream placers.Minerals must be completely dry and the humidity of the surrounding air must be regulated,since most of the electron movement in dielectrics takes place on the surface and a film of moisture can change the behavior completely.The biggest disadvantage of the method is that the capaci
21、ty of economically sized units is very low.,Mineral processing 选矿 physical methods of separation 物理分选法optical and radioactive properties 光学和放射性sorting 拣选 hand selection 手选high-grade ores 高品位矿石specific gravity 比重 utilise 利用BRE mass effects 质量效应 hydraulic currents 水流froth flotation 泡沫浮选the degree of a
22、ffinity 亲和程度 valuable minerals 有价矿物air-avid 亲气的 water-avid 亲水的aerophilic 亲气的 aerophobic 亲水的ferromagnetic minerals 铁磁性矿物Magnetite 磁铁矿 paramagnetic minerals 顺磁性矿物high-intensity separators 强磁选机,gangue 脉石 non-ferrous minerals 有色金属矿物wolframite 黑钨矿 hematite 赤铁矿 beach sand deposits 海滨沙矿 electrical conducti
23、vity 导电性High-tension separation 高压电选non-conducting minerals 非导体矿物the“universal”concentrating method“万能”选矿法stream placers 河沙沙矿 dielectric 介电质the electron movement 电子运动economically sized units 商用机,选矿主要使用物理分选法，这些方法有：利用光学和放射性等进行分选。这种方法常称为“拣选”，因为拣选以前通常包括用手选高品位矿石。利用比重差进行分选。这种方法，通常在水流中，利用由于质量效应导致的矿物运动轨迹不同而
24、分选。虽然此法在过去由于泡沫浮选的出现其重要性下降，但现在此法的应用在不断增加，一方面是由于重选技术进步，另一方面是此法与它法比相对简单。此法还有一个优势是它对环境造成的污染小。利用矿物表面性质不同进行分选。泡沫浮选，毫无疑问是最重要的选矿方法，是基于不同矿物在搅拌矿浆中对于上升气泡的亲和程度不同。通过各种浮选药剂对矿浆进行调整，有可能使有价矿物亲气，脉石矿物亲水疏气。这样就导致有用矿物和脉石矿物的分离；分离的原理是有用矿物转移到气泡上，气泡形成泡沫，泡沫就浮在矿浆表面。,4.利用矿物的磁性进行分选。弱磁选机可以用来选别铁磁性矿物，如磁铁矿；而强磁选机用来从脉石中分选出弱磁性矿物。磁选是铁矿石
25、选矿的重要选矿方法，但磁选也用于处理弱磁性有色金属矿物。它广泛地用于从锡矿中脱去黑钨矿和赤铁矿，它还常常用来分选非金属矿物，如用于分选海滨沙中的非金属矿物。5.利用导电性进行分选。高压电选可以用来分离导体矿物和非导体矿物。此法很有趣，因为，从理论上说，此法代表的是“万能”选矿法；几乎所有的矿物其导电性都存在差别，因此此法可以分离任意两种矿物。然而，此法的应用却是相当有限的，其最大用途在于用来分离来自海滨沙和河沙的粗精矿中的一些矿物。分选的矿物必须完全干燥，并且周围空气的湿度必须得到控制，因为介电质中的电子流动大部分发生在其表面，一层潮气可以完全改变其导电性。此法最大的劣势在于工业规模的电选机处
26、理能力很低。,Chapter 2 第二章Ore Handling 矿石处理 2.0.Introduction 导论Ore handling,which may account for 30-60%of the total delivered price of raw materials,covers the processes of transportation,storage,feeding,and washing of the ore en route to,or during,its various stages of treatment in the mill.since the ph
27、ysical state of ores in situ may range from friable,or even sandy material,to monolithic deposits with the hardness of granite,the methods of mining and provisions for the handling of the freshly excavated material will vary extremely widely.Ore that has been well broken can be transported by trucks
28、,belts,or even by sluicing,but large lumps of hard ore may need individual blasting.Modern developments in microsecond delay fuses and plastic explosive have resulted in more controllable primary breakage and easier demolition of occasional very large lumps.At the same time,crushers have become larg
29、er and lumps up to 2 m in size can now be fed into some primary units.,the total delivered price of raw materials en route,2.1 The Removal of Harmful Materials 去除有害杂物Ore entering the mill from the mine run-of-mine ore normally contains a small proportion of material which is potentially harmful to t
30、he mill equipment and processes.For instance,large pieces of iron and steel broken off from mine machinery can jam in the crushers.Wood is a major problem in many mills as this is ground into a fine pulp and causes choking or blocking of screens,etc.It can also choke flotation cell ports;consume flo
31、tation reagents by absorption,and decompose to give depressants,which render valuable minerals unfloatable.Clays and slimes adhering to the ore are also harmful as they hinder screening,filtration,and thickening,and again consume valuable flotation reagents.All these must be removed as far as possib
32、le at an early stage in treatment.Hand sorting from conveyor belts has declined in importance with the development of mechanised methods of dealing with large tonnages,but it is still used where plentiful cheap labor is available.,Crushers can be protected from large pieces of“tramp”iron and steel b
33、y electromagnets suspended over conveyor belts.These powerful electromagnets can pick up large pieces of iron and steel travelling over the belt and,at intervals,can be swung away from the belt and unloaded.Guard magnets,however,cannot be used to remove tramp iron from magnetic ores,such as those co
34、ntaining magnetite,nor will they remove Non-ferrous metals or non-magnetic steels from the ore.Metal detectors which measure the electrical conductivity of the material being conveyed can be fitted over or around conveyor belts.The electrical conductivity of ores is much lower than that of metals an
35、d fluctuations in electrical conductivity in the conveyed material can be detected by measuring the change that tramp metal causes in a given electromagnetic field.When a metal object causes an alarm,the belt automatically stops and the object can,be removed.It is advantageous with non-magnetic ores
36、 to precede the metal detector with a heavy guard magnet which will remove the ferro-magnetic tramp metals and thus minimize belt stoppages.Large pieces of wood which have been“flattened out”by passage through a primary crusher can be removed by passing the ore feed over a vibrating scalping screen.
37、Here the apertures of the screen are slightly larger than the maximum size of particle in the crusher discharge,allowing the ore to fall through the apertures and the flattened wood particles to ride over the screen and be collected separately.,Wood can be further removed from the pulp discharge fro
38、m the grinding mills by passing the pulp through a fine screen.Again,the ore particles pass through the apertures and the wood collects on top of the screen and can be periodically removed.Washing of run-of-mine ore can be carried out to facilitate hand-sorting by removing obscuring dirt from the su
39、rfaces of the ore particles.However,washing to remove very fine material,or slimes,of little or no value,is more important.Washing is normally performed after primary crushing as the ore is then of a suitable size to be passed over washing screens.It should always precede secondary crushing as slimes severely interfere with this stage.,
