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1、1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象,五、关于动作主体的问题六、命令句的用法七、by,with的用法八、关于“名词+名词”的问题九、很少用“s”表示所有十、定语从句中与which、when连用的介词位置,一、关于be going to 表示未来的问题二、will,can,may的用法三、无人称被动句的用法四、should的用法,十一、关于if 从句的问题十二、从句的紧缩式十三、完成时的用法十四、as的用法,十五、such that,such as to 的用法十六、关于抽象名词的用法十七、动词+后缀当形容词十八、常用的前缀十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词+副词”,1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象,The
2、 new aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Monday.,The new aircraft will fly for the first time on Monday.,一、很少用be going to 表示未来,科技英语中很少用be going to 表示将来。,这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。,二、will,can,may的用法,The new motorway will have three traffic lanes in each direction。,Production of the new machine will c
3、ommence next year.,明年（将会）开始生产这种新机器。,新高速公路的两侧（将会）各有三条相反方向的交通线。,表示纯粹未来用will,（1）,These planes,这几架飞机的飞行速度可达到每小时800英里。,表示能力用will,can,capable和be able to,will flycan fly are capable of flying are able to fly,800 miles per hour.,二、will,can,may的用法,at,（2）,This solid will vaporize when we heat it.,Friction wil
4、l cause the bearings to become heated.,摩擦会使轴承变热。,当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化。,表示经常发生的事用will,二、will,can,may的用法,（3）,Metal which cools rapidlyUnguarded belts or chainsThe testing of new machines,maycan,cause fracture.cause accidents.take a long time.,表示有时发生的事用may,can,二、will,can,may的用法,（4）,We can easily calculate
5、the friction losses.,Work on the new engine can start in a few weeks.,几周后可以开始这种新型发动机的工作。,我们可以很容易的算出摩擦损耗。,表示能够用can,二、will,can,may的用法,（5）,This problemLow-speed bearingsThe steelThermo-couples,may becan be,approached in several ways.lubricated with grease.quenched（淬火）in either water or oil.used to meas
6、ure high temperatures.,表示可能性用may,can,二、will,can,may的用法,（6）,三、无人称被动句的用法,The driver starts the engine.,The engine is started.,（司机）开动发动机。,He welded the plates together.,The plates are welded together.,（他）把钢板焊接在一起。,The furnace smelts the ore.,The ore is smelted in the furnace.,高炉熔化矿石。,The man sharpened
7、his tool.,His tool was sharpened.,那人磨尖了它的工具。,We must lubricate bearings.,Bearings must be lubricated.,（我们）必须润滑轴承。,三、无人称被动句的用法,他们很快就开始进行这项工作。,They will start the work soon.,The work will soon be started.,或,Attention should be paid not to damage the machine.,（操作者）应当注意不要损坏了机器。,The heat in the center of
8、 the earth is being made use of in some countries.,在某些国家，人们利用地球中心的热。,Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.,三、无人称被动句的用法,A lathe can cut screws.,Screws can be cut on a lathe.,车床能加工螺丝。,四、should的用法,Safety precautions should be observed at all time.,These machines sh
9、ould be handled with great care.,这些机器应当小心操作。,任何时候都应注意安全措施。,表示“告诫”,The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph.,应将实验结果绘在图表上。,（1）,Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.,The steel should not contain more than 0.5%of carbon.,钢里的含炭量不应超过0.5%。,说明某一情况,The maximum internal diame
10、ter should be 40 thousandths of an inch.,最大内径应为40/1000英寸。,或,四、should的用法,（2）,This building should be completed by the end of next year.,The process of cooling should continue for several hours.,冷却过程要延续好几个小时。,这座大楼应在明年年底前竣工。,表示“期待”,四、should的用法,（3）,五、关于动作主体的问题,动作主体是人时，句末不用by短语；动作主体不是人时，句末应用by短语；动作主体为人，但
11、省去影响句子的意思时，应加by短语。,2,Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient water.,Explosion is caused by the rapid combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air.,没有足够的水就无法发展农业。,爆炸是由燃料与空气中的氧迅速化合而引起的。,动作主体是人，不用by,五、关于动作主体的问题,动作主体不是人，用by,Three machines can be controlled,All responsibility for the ac
12、cident must be accepted,一个操作者可以同时控制三台机器。,设计者应承担产生事故的一切责任。,by the designer.,by a single operator.,强调动作主体，用by,五、关于动作主体的问题,六、命令句的用法,表示无人称指令,AllowLetTake祈使句动词开头,Should命令句,e.g.Water should be heated beforeThe bearing should be lubricated before,Let me by!让我过去！Let it alone!别管它！Let him be!别打扰他！,日常英语,将轮胎里的气
13、放掉！,科技英语,Let the air out of the tire！,把瓶子里的水倒出来。,Let the water out of the bottle.,六、命令句的用法,每十分钟测一次温度！,Take the temperature every ten minutes.,假设X等于每分钟的转数。,Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.,记下水面位置。,Take the water level.,六、命令句的用法,让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。,Allow the water to cool for ten minutes
14、and then take the temperature.,计算出将产生的膨胀量。,Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.,六、命令句的用法,Fill a test-tube half full of water and heat it nearly to boiling point.Support the tube on a stand and allow it to cool.Take the temperature every minute.Stir carefully with a glass rod.Reco
15、rd the reading you obtain，and plot them on a graph of temperature against time.Repeat this with a tube half-full of crystals.Allow the solid to melt.Heat the liquid to 100,fix the tube on the stand and allow it to cool.Record the results as before and plot them.,七、by,with的用法,by,by means of,用耐火砖可以减少热
16、损耗。,Heat losses can be reduced by firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by lining the furnace with firebricks.,The heat loss reduction can be achieved by means of firebricks.,with,with the help of,By means of 后面不能跟动名词短语。,Heat losses can be reduced by means of lining the furnace with firebricks.,Hea
17、t losses can be reduced by means of firebricks.,七、by,with的用法,The necessary heat for the carbon-steam and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions is commonly generated by burning part of the carbon in the gasifier.,碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需的热量通常靠在气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供.,传动装置上通常有安全销，防止过载。,The drive units are normally equipped
18、with shear pins for overload protection.,七、by,with的用法,That part of the steam nearest to the walls is cooled and condenses as a film of water,the volume of steam in the cylinder is there by considerably reduced.,there by=by means of this 由此,七、by,with的用法,离缸壁最近的那一部分蒸汽却形成薄薄的一层水，于是缸中蒸汽的总量便大大减少。,八、关于“名词+名
19、词”的问题,表示原材料表示典型成分表示工作介质,an iron pipe=a pipe made of iron,oil product=products made of oil,manganese steel=steel which contains manganese,a steam engine=an engine worked by steam,表示工作对象,an air compressor=a device for compressing air,表示用途表示方式表示所属表示关于表示形状,a drive motor,=a motor for driving machines,a f
20、oot brake,=a brake operated by foot,=molecules of water,the production cost,water molecules,=the cost concerning production,a star wheel,=a wheel shaped like a star,ash content,surface property,mineral matter,rate constant,nitrogen dioxide,experiment results,adsorption mechanism,moisture content,air
21、 pressure,diamond insert菱形插头,名词组合,多个名词组合,satellite communication techniques,卫星通讯技术,Fluid power drive components,液力驱动元件,Fire tube boiler inspection door,火管锅炉监察门,九、很少用“s”表示所有,s一般表示生命体的所有，如：,Marys watchmy uncles housethe cats food,科技英语中用“名词+of+名词”或“名词+名词”,the property of mineralsthe surface of the eart
22、h,地心引力 Gravitational pull of the earth 非 the earths gravitational pull月球表面 The surface of the moon汽车的最大速度 The maximum speed of the car 非 the cars maximum speed,九、很少用“s”表示所有,为方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式等命名，需特别注意,欧姆定律 ohms law牛顿定律 New-tons Law波尔曼技术 Bollmans technique,一个人发现者,华氏温度计 a Fahrenheit thermometer本生灯 a Bun
23、hrenheit burner,一个人发明者,施特芬-波兹曼定律 the Stofan-Boltzman Law尤利-汤普森反应 the Joule-Thompson effect,两个或两个以上人用复合结构,十、定语从句中与which、whom 连用的介词位置,Jet engines with which most modern high-speed aircraft are equipped develop thrust on the same principle as the propellers of conventional aero-engines.当代飞机上都使用喷气式发动机，这
24、种发动机可以产生 一种推动力，其原理与普通的螺旋桨飞机发动机相同。,This is the book about which you mentioned yesterday.,This is the girl about whom you talked yesterday.,This is the book which you mentioned about yesterday.,十一、if从句的问题,条件句用现在时，主句用将来时或现在时。例：,如果水是干净的，就不需要进一步处理。,If the water is pure,it will not need further treatment。
25、,十二、从句的紧缩式,当主句与从句是同一主语时，用“连词+过去分词”，或介词+抽象名词。例：,1.物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。,When an object is placed in the sun,it becomes hot.,An object becomes hot when it is placed in the sun.,An object becomes hot when placed in the sun.,2.安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。,Safety matches light only when they are stricken.,Safety matches ligh
26、t only when stricken.,3.当光线聚集在一点时，会产生大量的热。,When light is converged at a point,it would produce large quantity of heat.,When converged at a point,the light would produce large quantity of heat.,介词+抽象名词，例：,4.Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.,在压模时，混凝土
27、产生较大的侧压力。,Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during compaction.,compact,compaction,5.after it is separated,after separation,连词+形容词，例：,6.When necessary,必要时,Once,If possible,有可能的话,一旦,While,当时,小结：可用紧缩式的连词或介词有：When,while,once,if,as,after,during等,十三、完成时的用法,多以被动语态出现描述已经发生的事，时间不明确；描述不
28、断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事；表示“已经”、“还未”、“自从一直”等；表示“最近”、“近来”、“新近”。,描述已经发生的事，时间不明确,1.高速公路系统的建设工作已开始。,Work has been started on the new system of motorways.,2.研究中用了几种来自不同地方的样品。,Samples from different sources have been used in this research.,3.研究表明吸烟和肺癌之间有一定的关系。,Research has shown a probable connection between smok
29、ing and lung cancer.,描述不断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事,4.工程师们遇到许多有关这种材料的问题。,Engineers have encountered many problems with this material.,5.The pyrite/aqueous interaction has been studied extensively in the past due its importance in extractive metallurgy.,由于黄铁矿与水溶液的相互作用在提取冶金中很重要，人们对它进行了大量的研究。,表示“还未”、“自从一直”,6.这项工程
30、的设计工作还未开始。,Design on the project has not been started yet.,7.自从1980年以来一直在进行高速公路的建设。,Work on the motorway has been going on since 1980.,表示“最近”，“近来”，“新近”。,8.这家公司最近研制出来一种新型的飞机。,The company has just developed a new type of aircraft.,9.由于天气不好，高速公路的建设最近暂停了。,Work on the motorway has recently been held up o
31、wing to bad weather.,十四、as的用法,“认为”“称为”“表述为”“定义为”“看成是”“作为”“当作”,This type of motor is known as(is referred to as)an induction motor.,1.这种发电机称为感应发电机。,2.发动机的功率表述为理想功率的百分数。,The efficiency of the engine is expressed as a percentage of the ideal efficiency.,Electric current may be considered as a flow of e
32、lectrons through a medium.,3.电流可看成是穿过介质内的一股电子流。,These materials may be classified as conductors.,4.这些材料可以归在导体类。,“以的形式（或形态）”,The steam is cooled and condensed as a film of water.,5.蒸汽冷凝成一层水膜。,The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite.,6.铸铁中的碳部分以自由石墨的形式存在。,“正如”、“如”、“如图”、“如上”,7.As Fig.
33、1.2 shows As we have just proved As we have stated in the previous chapter,As is shown in the illustrationAs is knownAs was mentioned a short time ago,As shown in the tableAs pointed out by professor Smith,As aboveAs before,as+主动句,as+被动句,as+过去分词,as+其它词,as不翻译出来,8.The bridge,as originally planned,woul
34、d have been too expensive.,原来设计的那座桥造价太贵。,9.The uranium,as used in the reactor,is the form of a thin rod.,在反应堆中用的铀是一种细棒。,as不翻译出来,as+such因此，起连词作用,10.The earth is a conductor of electricity and as such may form part of an electrical circuit.,地球是一种导体，因此就可能形成部分电路。,11.A simple governor is dependent on gra
35、vity as such it must be kept vertical.,一个简单的调速器是依靠重力工作的，因此必须将其竖立放置。,普通英语中,十五、such that,such as to,1.Her excitement was such that she shouted.,她兴奋地叫起来。,2.It was such a lovely day that everybody was feeling happy and cheerful.,那是一个如此美好的日子，人人都感到快乐高兴。,如此以至于,3.His illness was not such as to cause anxiety
36、.,他的病还没严重到令人忧虑的地步。,4.I am not such a fool as to believe that.,科技英语中,1.The size of the flow-meter is such that the flow is unaffected by it.,流量计的大小是这样设计的，即它不影响流速。,或 The size of the flow-meter is such as to have no effect on the flow.,2.The job is such that it demands the greatest skill.,不翻译出来,这是一项需要高
37、度技艺的工作。,或 The job is such as to demand the greatest skill.,是这样的，这种意思,十六、抽象名词的用法,抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词,1.v.n.,consume,separate,emit,produce,apply,communicate,grow,transmit,install.,consumption,separation,emission,production,application,communication,growth,transmission,installation,抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词,2.a.n.,res
38、ponsibleaccurateefficient,responsibilityaccuracyefficiency,emitemission,transmittransmission,consumeconsumption,1.一年四季的日常用水量不同。,The daily consumption of water varies with the season.,2.送电时广泛使用变压器。,Transformers are widely used in the transmission of electrical power.,3.原子裂变能放出中子。,Nuclear fission resu
39、lts in the emission of neutrons.,installinstallation,4.厂家负责安装这种新设备。,The installation of the new equipment is the responsibility of the manufactures.,The manufactures are responsible for installing the new equipment.,specifyspecification,5.所有有关的资料均应在规格中详细说明。,All the relevant information should be det
40、ailed in the specification.,6.在飞行中螺旋桨叶的倾斜度是可调的。,The inclination of the propeller blades is adjustable during flight.,inclineinclination,7.用这种方法试验机器需要消耗电力。,If machines are tested by this method,there will be some loss of power.,The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power。,用抽象名词或
41、动名词代替动词,test,testing,8.用泵能抽取油箱中的油。,The contents of the tank are discharged by a pump.,Discharge of the contents of the tank is performed by a pump.,discharge,discharge,9.在压膜时混凝土产生较大的侧压力。,Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during compaction.,compact,compaction,Considerable later
42、al pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.,10.有必要检查一下这些结果是否准确。,It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate.,It is necessary to examine the accuracy of these results。,11.需要有关哪种燃料最合适的情报。,Information is needed as to which type of fuel is most suitable.,Informa
43、tion is needed as to the most suitable type of fuel.,用名词短语代替从句,12.不清楚这些结果有多么准确。,It is doubtful how accurate the results are.,The accuracy of the results is doubtful.,13.工作的进展取决于这个机构的效率如何。,The progress of the work will depend on how efficient the organization is.,The Progress of the work will depend
44、on the efficiency of the organization.,用名词短语代替从句,十七、动词+后缀当形容词,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,machinable steel,可加工的钢铁,-able,-ible,-uble,“可以”，“可的”,noticeable effect,明显的效果,controllable effect,可控制的反应,negligible amount,可忽略的数量，一点点,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,heated metal,加热的金属,-ed,“被的”，“被过的”，“经过的”,corroded i
45、ron,生锈的铁,emitted rays,放射线,treated,处理过的,effective remedy,有效的医药,-ive,表示性质、特点等,reactive force,反作用力,relative motion,相对运动,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,absorbent material,吸附剂，吸附型材料,-ant,-ent,表示性能等,absorbent charcoal,活性炭,absorbent paper,吸水纸,absorbent cotton,吸水棉花，脱脂棉,conducting medium,传导介质,-ing,表示性质、作用等,lubr
46、icating oil,润滑油,attendant claim,附带要求,attendant phenomenon,伴生现象,十八、常用的前缀,前缀：inter-,en-,em-,re-,over-,under-,dis-,de-,im-,sub-,super-,counter-,interact,相互作用,Inter-,“在之间”,interconnect,互联,interweave,交织,interwind,互相盘绕,interwork,互相配合,reuse,重用，再用,re-,“重新”、“再”,recharge,再充电，再装料,recreate,再生,regrind,再磨,regroup
47、,重组,recarbonize,再碳化,recall,取回，检索，二次呼叫,前缀：over-,under-,overload,超载，超负荷,over-,“在上”，“过于的”,overall,全部，总的,overhead,架空，高架的,overweight,超重,overgrow,蔓生,undercurrent,低电流,under-,“在下”、“太少”,underground,地下的,undercapitalize,投资紧缩,underlay,从下面支撑,undersize,过小,undersea,海底，水下,underload,负载不足,overseas,海外,overmany,过多,over
48、heat,过热,overwind,上卷式,overtemperature,过热温度,underclass,经济最底层,前缀：dis-,de-,im-,in-,ir-,un-,disadjust,失调,dis-表示反义,de-“使不”“脱”“退”,disjoin,分离,discharge,放电,decarbonize,脱碳,disconnect,解开，折断,impure,不纯，含杂质,im-,in-,ir-,un-,“不”、“非”,inaccuracy,不精密,inactive,无效，不活动的,irregular,不规则的,irresponsible,不负责任的,inaccessible,不可达
49、的,demagnetise,退磁,defat,脱脂，除油,dewater,脱水,immature,未成熟的,immaterial,非物质的,irrecoverable,不可恢复的,前缀：counter-,super-,counteract,抵消，抵制,counter-,“反”、“对”,counteradvice,反对意见,counterbalance,配重，平衡力，托盘天平,countercharge,反控,supersonic,超声,super-,“超”、“在上”、“过”,superhard,过硬的,superheat,过热的,前缀：sub-,em-,en-,submarine,海底的，潜艇
50、,sub-,“在之下”、“子”、“亚”,subsurface,地下的,substandard,不合标准,subfile,子文件,subprogram,子程序,enlarge,扩大，扩展,en-,em-+名词或形容词,动词,ensure,确保,embed,埋，嵌,embody,包含，具体化，连接，补充,subtropical,亚热带,subpoint,投影点,subpackage,分装,subdirectory,子目录,subnet,子网,gives offemits,十九、科技文章中较少用“动词+副词”，通常用正规动词,例：“放出”，用emit，而非 give off“消耗”，用consume
