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1、1,第三单元 科技英语表达与写作按不同功能选择所需表达方式,Apr.27th,2011英晓光,2,第五节 运动与功能方面,1“用”使用、利用某物、药品、原理进行工作、实验、计算等。Apply(of/for/to),apply to,employ,use,utilize.,3,Apply:指将一事物运用于另一事物之上以发挥其有效作用。曲线拟合有两种方法。一是直接应用拟合方程；二是在没有合适拟合方程的情况下创造数学模型。There are two paths for curve fitting.One way is to directly apply the fitting function;an
2、other way is to create a mathematical model when there is no appropriate fitting function available.尽管半水合物(semiclathrates)从20世纪40年代就开始为科学界所知，然而直到最近十年才因为他们在气体贮存和分离方面的潜在应用而开始受到(garner)重视。While semiclathrates have been known in the scientific community since the 1940s,it is only in the past decade that
3、 they have begun to garner attention for their potential applications in gas storage and separation.,4,锰酸盐(manganite)材料的电阻决定于若干参数，如组成、温度、外加磁场、晶粒尺寸等等。The resistivity of manganite materials is determined by several parameters such as composition,temperature,the applied magnetic field,grain size(晶粒尺寸),
4、and so on.本文提出(proposes)并运用一种新方法，利用等容数据(isochoric data)预测饱和密度。The paper proposes and applies a new methodology for predicting saturation densities using isochoric data.(电导率)它是一种简单而又精确的测试方法，用于很多环境及工业领域。(electrical conductivity)It is a simple and highly accurate measurement and is used in many environ
5、mental and industrial applications.,5,Employ:指使用处于待机状态或未被用过的人或物，可以与use换用，但强调进行选择、充分利用。Through experimental raw data employed in the method of the regression analysis,the experimental spectra in various magnetic fields have been simulated.等式2描述了理想模型，该模型不能直接用于实际仪器。Equation 2 describes the ideal model
6、which cannot be employed directly to the practical instrument.在本次实验(investigation)中使用的所有材料均属于分析纯(A.R.grade)。All materials employed in the present investigation were of A.R.grade.,6,Use：普通用词，着重为达到某一目的而利用某人或某物The dissociation behavior of krypton(氪，Kr)hydrate below the freezing point of water was chara
7、cterized using optical scanning microscopy(OSM).使用等容平衡池(isochoric equilibrium cell)测定固-气-液平衡状态。The solid-vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions was measured using an isochoric equilibrium cell.An isochoric equilibrium cell was used for measuring the solid-vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions,7,因此，利用一个相对
8、简单的步骤，测量单电解质(electrolyte)溶液在5到90C温度范围内的电导率。Therefore,a relatively simple procedure was used to measure the electrical conductivities of single solutions over a range of temperatures from 5 to 90oC.我们建议使用更加精确的模型解决观察到的差异(discrepancies)。It is recommended the use of a more accurate model to resolve the
9、discrepancies observed.,8,Utilize：侧重有利可图或能达到某一实际目的Do the rent include utilities？(因为utility本身含有水电等公共设施的含义，因此utilize 侧重于仪器等实体设备的使用),9,大规模溶剂萃取已得到成功运用，然而大量挥发性(volatile)有机溶剂(diluents)的使用危害人类健康和环境安全。Large-scale solvent extraction has been successfully utilized,but the use of a high volume of volatile orga
10、nic diluents risks peoples health and the environment.,10,The Wheatstone bridge was utilized to improve the sensitivity for voltage measurement.,惠斯通电桥,11,2 作 作用施加影响、作用，发生反应，出现行为等Perform,exert,act,action,12,Perform:执行、运转，指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务，仪器、模块或机理运转的性能如何It should be noted that Deschamps and Dalmazzone o
11、nly performed experiments with an mixture of CH4+CO2 and did not include any measurements of the gas phase composition.,13,在三种N-乙酰氨基酸(N-acetylamino acid)中展开一项对比实验。A comparative study is performed among three types of N-acetylamino acids.重复做实验(in duplicate)，发现它们在95%的置信区间(confidence interval)内可再生(repr
12、oducible)。Experiments were performed in duplicate,and it was found that they were reproducible within a 95%confidence interval.,14,采用Simulis Thermodynamics软件与excel配合进行计算Calculations are performed using Simulis Thermodynamics(化工热力学计算软件)coupled with Microsoft Excel.回归组合模型(regressive combined model)很好地
13、反映了热导率与浓度之间的关系.The regressive combined model performs well in reflecting the relationship between thermal conductivity and concentration.,15,Exert：尽(力),施加(压力、影响等),努力Literature and art are subordinate to politics,but in their turn exert a great influence on politics.文艺从属于政治的，但反过来给予政治重大的影响。混合气体所产生的压强等
14、于混合物中各成分分压强之和.The pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.Act：一般指具体的、短暂的或个别的行为，强调行为的完成及其效果The Eu(III)metal ion acts as a quencher(抑制剂)for the ligand of high aromaticity.,16,3 一致，符合，吻合，呼应Coincide,agree,correspond,concur,conform,17,Coi
15、ncide:多用于指观点、判断、愿望、利益或兴趣的一致或相符，强调意见或观点完全相同。这两个检查(inspection)结果彼此吻合The result from the two inspection coincides with each other.,18,Agree:指经过比较后的所有主要部分均和谐一致，无冲突和矛盾。The H value from our results agreed well with(19.54+-0.24)kJ/mol,which was obtained from an earlier calorimetric analysis.The good agreem
16、ent between the measured and the simulated results of resistivity indicates that the function can accurately predict some aspects of,19,测试的密度和粘度与表一展示的文献数据(literature values)十分(reasonably well)一致.The measured densities and viscosities agreed reasonably well with the literature values as shown in Tabl
17、e 1.,20,发现这组数据与另一组很一致The data are found to be in good agreement with one another.他们测出的和提出(recommended)的热导率数值很一致Their measured and recommended values of thermal conductivity were in good agreement.结果显示测出的和提出的热导率数值线性关系很好The results showed that a good linear agreement between the measured and the recom
18、mended thermal conductivity values.,21,Correspond:一致的、对应的；指在进行比较时，两个事物在某一个重要方面或细节上互相匹配、一致。The comparison between the results indicates that parameter corresponds to the metal-insulator transition temperature(金属-绝缘体转变温度).The error introduced during this step corresponds to approximately 30 ppm in den
19、sity.在这一步引入的误差大约相当于密度的百万分之30,22,根据相应的滴定曲线推断出中性(normal)和质子化(protonated)二元复合物(binary complexes)的形成。The formation of the normal and protonated binary complexes is inferred from the corresponding titration curves.正S0值对应吸附成分(species)的自由度(degree of freedom)的增加。The positive S0 value corresponds to an incre
20、ase in the degree of freedom of the adsorbed species.,23,Conform：多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。测得的热容数据与已知的文献数据的总体相符(conformity)的结果令人满意。The whole conformity of the measured heat capacity values to the known literature data is satisfactory.温度计符合国际温标(ITS 90)，由制造商校准The thermometer conforms to the Interna
21、tional Temperature Standard(ITS-90)and was calibrated(to standards)by the manufacturer.,24,4 传送Transmit Communicate Transfer Convey,25,Transmit:指将文件、消息、能量、运动形式等发至某地或他人(形态不变)。Parents transmit some of their characteristics to their children.父母将部分性状遗传给子女引擎的动力通过皮带传送给机械。The power from the engine is trans
22、mitted to the machine through the belt.,26,Communicate：沟通,交流，传达，强调连接状态The piston movement is communicated to the wheels through a crankshaft(曲轴).The movement of the spindle is communicated to the lead screw through gears.主轴的运动通过齿轮传达给丝杠,27,Transfer:转移、转送、移交或迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。The molten metal is tr
23、ansferred from the ladle to the mould.熔化的金属从钢包转移到模具。(Thermodynamic)It is also necessary for engineering calculation,research of mass transfer,heat transfer,and fluid flow.富盐相中盐浓度的降低归结为水从富聚合物相向中富盐相中的转移。The salt concentration in the salt-rich phase decreases due to the transfer of the water from the p
24、olymer-rich to the salt-rich phase.,28,Convey：把引到目的地Wires are used to convey electricity.SNR(ratio of signal to noise)is the ratio of the amount of signals conveying information to the amount of signals which do not convey information信噪比是传递信息的信号量与不传递信息的信号量之比。,29,5 运动不同物体的运动要注意使用不同的词A trip-lever(分离杆)
25、actuate/operates the valve.=A trip-lever make the valve move.A flexible belt drives the motor.=A flexible belt makes the motor move.,30,The piston 活塞往复(moves).The pendulum钟摆(swings).The wheelThe liquid(steam,air)through the pipe.The machine is.,reciprocates,oscillates,rotates(turns,revolves).,circul
26、ates,at rest/in motion,31,32,6 运转、运行Operate,work,behave,run,in operationOperate操作,运转,开动,起作用,动手术,开刀The machine dose not operate properly.Solar energy is now being used to operate communication satellites.The adaptive immune system operates to expand a specific lymphocyte clone recognizing allergens.获
27、得性免疫系统的运作产生一种特殊的淋巴克隆识别过敏原。,33,这项分析(assays)运行的过程需要一个电池驱动的计时器(timer)，因为要在血滴接触(applying)装置顶端刚好3分钟之后读出分析的结果。The procedure for running these assays calls for a battery-operated timer,because the results of the assay must be read precisely 3 min after applying a drop of blood to the top of the device.,34,
28、Work 用作不及物动词时，有工作,起作用,产生影响,创造,实现,操作,正常运转,成功,逐渐进行,处理等含义The new power station has been working smoothly since its trial run last June.自从六月份试运行以来，新电站一直在平稳运行。我们已经对该体系进行大量研究，在上述测量中给出了偏差度。Since we have worked extensively with this system,a degree of bias is present in the measurements described above.,35,
29、Work 名词；用于描述研究现状很少有工作围绕废水所含能量的测定而展开。There has been very little work conducted to quantify the amount of energy held in wastewater.Shizas 和Bagley的工作为废水中能量的确定创造了有价值的开端。The work of Shizas and Bagley provides a valuable starting point for the estimation of energy in wastewater.,36,Behave表现,行为,举止(behavio
30、r,n)Water behaves in different ways when it is heated and when it is frozen.How is the new machine behaving?循环数据点(circular data points)提供了流体通过导管(conduit)时毛细(wicking)行为的信息The circular data points provide information about the wicking behavior of fluid through a conduit.在128A/g处的电压数据(profile)表现出电容(cap
31、acitance)的行为，因此这是操作频率(operating rates)的极限。The voltage profile at 128 A/g shows a capacitance behavior and thus it is the limit of the operating rates.,37,7 改变.Change,alter,turn,vary,variety,variation,variance,convert,modify,transform,transmute,38,Change指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。The line shape change
32、 can be explained by the lifetime broadening effects exerted by the equilibrium state.线形的变化可以解释为平衡态施加的寿命延长效果。另一个氢原子的共振信号几乎(virtually)不随Ca2+离子浓度而改变。The resonance signals of the other hydrogen remain virtually unchanged toward the concentration of Ca2+cations.观察到最明显的信号变化，并将其归结为4-亚胺基苯醌(assigned to 4-im
33、inobenzoquinone)。The most significant changes were observed and assigned to 4-iminobenzoquinone.,39,Alter:常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。各种流体的毛细现象(wicking)也能受到表面活性物质存在的影响，这些物质改变气液界面张力。The wicking behaviors of various fluids can also be affected by the presence of surface-active agents that alter t
34、he liquid-vapor interfacial tension.,40,Alter 还有“交替呈现”的含义：通过交替叠放花纹纸(patterned paper)和双面胶(double-sided adhesive tape)组装成流体计时器Fluidic timers.Fluidic timers are fabricated by alternating layers of patterned paper and double-sided adhesive tape.,41,为了考察锌(zinc)原子插入甲烷的行为，在高温系统中尝试了另一种合成HZnCH3的方法。In order t
35、o investigate the insertion of zinc atoms into methane,an alternate synthesis of HZnCH3 was attempted in the high temperature system.,42,vary:暗示不规则或断断续续地变。采用不同方法所能够从废水中获取的能量大小是变化的。The energy that can be obtained from wastewater by different processes is varied.单核细胞(monocytes)分化为(differentiate to)巨噬细
36、胞(macrophages)的数量从100000到200000不等。The number of monocytes that had differentiated to macrophages varied between 100 000 and 200 000.,43,Various：各种These results strongly indicated that the calcium ions could be coordinated by atoms carrying lone electron pairs with various capabilities.这些结果强烈暗示了钙离子可以
37、与具有各种功能的孤对电子的原子配合。Variety：多样性它们可兼容(compatible)多种其他纤维素基诊断设备They will be compatible with a variety of other fiber-based diagnostic devices.,44,variance“方差”：Before the tests were performed,the data were checked for equal variance and normal distribution,validating the use of a two sample t test.进行检验之前，
38、先验证数据的等方差性和正态分布，以确保双样本t检验可用。,45,convert:指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。把氧气和水变成双氧水to convert O2 and H2O into H2O2从一摩尔醋酸到一摩尔甲烷的转变the conversion of one mole of acetate to one mole of methane,46,modify:强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。“改进”Because each-conjugation face might be able to provide
39、almost identical binding affinity with the selenite ion,a modified fitting method was applied.“改性”Chemical modifications or oxidations of lens proteins may contribute to the emergence(情况)of opacities(浑浊).根据Flint and Tinkle的方法，经过少许改动，引入了过敏性接触炎症反应。Allergic contact dermatitis was induced according to t
40、he method of Flint and Tinkle with slight modifications.,47,8.阻碍 Prevent，keepfrom,hinder,avoid,obviate,eliminate,obstacle,block,48,Prevent:含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。带负电的COO阻碍了SeO32-负离子向络合物(the complex)接近。The negatively charged COO(carboxyl)prevented the approach of the SeO32-anion onto the complex.双
41、极识别(ditopic recognition)特性给PRX提供了用于防治白内障(cataract)的医学理论(clinical rationale)。The ditopic recognition properties provides PRX a clinical rationale for cataract prevention and therapy.,49,为防止磷酸钙在磷酸钠溶液中的沉淀，选醋酸铵(ammonium acetate)作为缓冲溶液。To prevent the precipitation of calcium phosphate in sodium phosphate
42、 solutions,ammonium acetate was chosen as the buffer solution.,50,These findings further demonstrate the potential value of black rice bran(麸)as an anti-inflammatory(炎症)and anti-allergic(过敏)food ingredient and possibly also as a therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of diseases associat
43、ed with chronic(慢性)inflammation.这些发现进一步证实了黑米糠作为一种消炎、脱敏性食物成分的潜在价值，也很可能是一种治疗及预防慢性炎症并发疾病的物质。,51,Keep from阻碍，妨碍，接动名词Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged.润滑使轴承免于损坏。,52,The non-return valvevlv keeps/prevents the steam from escaping.止回阀防止蒸汽逸出。,53,The filter keeps/prevents grit from gettin
44、g into the engine.过滤器防止砂粒进入发动机.,54,hinder:语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。Heavy snow hindered construction work.高温妨碍了仪器输出最佳性能The instrument has been hindered by the high temperature from delivering best performance.,55,Avoid:避免，消除，接动名词溶液大量制备并保存在气密玻璃瓶中，避免蒸发。Solutions were prepared by mass and kept in air
45、tight glass bottles该器柜仅处于真空状态，不充入氦气以免气体进入液相。The container was subjected to only vacuum,and it was not filled with helium gas invasion in the liquid.,to avoid evaporation.,for the avoidance of,56,Eliminate：消除，通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。This new process has eliminated the need for checking the products by han
46、d.采用这种新方法无须再用手工检验产品to eliminate the contamination in the sample 移除污染物We reasoned that fluidic timers would eliminate the need for an external timer in the related devices.我们论证了使用流体计时器后，将不再需要相关设备中的外部计时器。,57,通过建立应变梯度结构(strain graded structure)，可以消除材料间具有巨大应力差异的界面。By building strain graded structure,it is possible to eliminate interfaces between materials that have a large strain difference.发展了许多分析修正(analytical corrections)手段，以消除实际设备与理想设备之间的分歧(departure)。Many of the analytical corrections were developed to eliminate the departure of a practical instrument from the ideal one.,
