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1、卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,The Department of Ecology&Evolutionary Biology,Fudan University Bao-Rong Lu,Scientific Methodology&Scientific Paper Writing科学研究方法与论文写作,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,五、研究结果及其表述方法 How to write Results,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Structure of a paper,Title&,Introduction,Materials&methods,Results,Discussion
2、,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,The IMMRD format of a original research paper,I=IntroductionM&M=Material and methodR=ResultsD=Discussion,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,The IMMRD format,Introduction:What question was studied?(the objectives of the study)Materials&methods:how&based on what the problem studied?,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版
3、）,The IMMRD format,Results:what are the findings?Discussion:what do the findings mean?,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Differentiation of Chinese traditional rice revealed by RAPD markers,Differentiation of Chinese traditional rice revealed by RAPD markers,How to write the TITLE of a paper,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,An AB
4、STRACT should:,Be viewed as a mini-version/review of the paper:Questions/problemsMaterials&methods usedBrief resultsMain conclusion,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,An roadmap of“Introduction”,Problems,Result,Review,Method,Conclusion,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Materials&Methods,MaterialsField materialsExp
5、erimental(Lab)materialsMethodsWhat you did,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Structure of a paper,Title&,Introduction,Materials&methods,Results,Discussion,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,How to write RESULTS?,Results!Why,man,I have gotten a lot of results,I know several thousand things that wont work.-Thomas A.Edison,卢宝荣 2006-7（
6、山东大学版）,The“Results”section is the core of the paper,The results are data from the experiment(s)Everything of the paper hinges on resultsThey should be presented with care,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,How to present the results,The results are summarized data from the experiments presented by text,tables,figure
7、s,graphs,and photosStart with overall statementsThen,give supports to the statements,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,The content of the results,Two ingredients:Given an overall description of the experiment,providing“big picture”without repeating the experimental detailsPresent the“data”from different parts of th
8、e experiments,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,How to present data?,Principals:The simple transfer of“row”data from notebooks is not rightPresent significant dataPresent pre-digested data(analysis)Present data in an effective and interesting way,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Remember:,If you try to include everything,you will
9、 have noting in the result!“The fool collects facts,the wise man selects them”,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,A few more things to note,How to handle numbers:Small amount of data could described in the textRepetitive data should be given in tables,figures or graphsData should be statistically meaningful(sample s
10、ize)State the condition under which you obtained the results,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Strive for clarity,The results should be short and sweet without verbiage(空话)The“Results”part is most important part,but it is often shortestThe Results must be clearly&simply stated,because it contains the new knowledgeY
11、our contribution to the world,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Strive for clarity,The earlier parts of the paper(Introduction,M&M)are designed to tell why and how you got the resultsThe later part of the paper(Discussion)is designed to tell what they meanThe whole paper must stand on the basis of the ResultsThe Re
12、sults must be presented with crystal clarity,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Present statistics,Name of the testStatistic value of the testDegree of freedomLevels of significanceE.g.Students t-test,t=5.43,d.f.=114,p=0.00014Beware of false exactness 1 1.0 1.00,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Avoid redundancy,The most common fau
13、lt is the repetition in words of what is already showed in Tables&FiguresEven worse is actual presentation,in the text,of all and many data shown in Tables&FiguresDont be verbose(冗长的)in citing Figures&Tables,e.g.“It is clearly shown in Table 1 that wild rice is of great diversity in China”“Wild rice
14、 is of great diversity(Table 1)in China”,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Do not do:,Start with a forgotten methodGive materials Present all your dataRepeat data in text and table/figureLeave the reader to find the meaning and analyze on her/his own,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Do:,Point to significant treads&facts among the
15、 numbersDirect readers attention,Style:,Usually no referenceSimple past tenseCrystal clarity&simplicity,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,When presenting facts,leave elegance to the tailor”-Einstaein,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Headings in the Results,II.PCR products and electrophoresis A great genetic variation of was detec
16、ted by electrophoresis of(Table 1),III.Variation patterns Statistic analysis show that,I.An effective DNA extraction method DNA samples are usually difficult to be collected from,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,Questions,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,卢宝荣 2006-7（山东大学版）,
