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1、英汉定语对比与翻译 English&Chinese Attributes:Comparison&Translation,第十讲Lecture X,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,2,目录,一、休“的”有理二、定语功能例析三、形、意译例谈（译形不译意；译意不译形；形意俱译；形意俱不译）四、翻译策略溯源五、翻译技巧探析六、定语翻译归结,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,3,一、休“的”有理,1-1.Lead-in:a game1-2.A Test for Translation1-3.“的的不休”1-4.“的”杀勿论
2、1-5.气定神闲乎？,A Lead-in Game,那时，他是个孩子。1.没娘的 2.没有父亲的 3.可怜的 4.整天脏兮兮的 5.三天两头受人欺负的 村里有个姑娘叫小芳，长得好看又善良，一双美丽的大眼睛，辫子粗又长 李春波小芳,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,5,1-2.A Test for Translation,De-motivation is defined as“specific external forces that reduce or diminish the motivational basis of a behavioral int
3、ention or an ongoing action.”Zoltn Drnyei.The Psychology of the Language Learner:individual differences in second language acquisition.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.2005.,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,6,De-motivation is defined as“specific external forces that reduce or diminish the motivationa
4、l basis of a behavioral intention or an ongoing action.”,Draft I反向动机（负动机、负向动机、动机消解、动机弱化）被定义为“特定的外部力量，会减少或弱化某项行为意图或某项正在进行的行为的动机基础”。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,7,De-motivation is defined as“specific external forces that reduce or diminish the motivational basis of a behavioral intention or a
5、n ongoing action.”,Draft II反向动机是指“会减少或弱化某项行为意图或正在进行的行为的动机基础的特定的外部力量”。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,8,De-motivation is defined as“specific external forces that reduce or diminish the motivational basis of a behavioral intention or an ongoing action.”,Draft III反向动机是指“对于某项行为意图或正在进行的行为而言，会减少或弱化其
6、动机基础的特定的外部力量”。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,9,Draft III反向动机是指，“对于某项行为意图或正在进行的行为而言，会减少或弱化其动机基础的特定的外在力量”。,Final Draft反向动机是指，“对于某项行为意图或行为进程而言，会削减或弱化其动机基础的特定外在力量”。,都是“的的不休”惹的祸！,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,10,1-3.何以“的的不休”？,“的是在现代汉语中出现频率最高的字，分布极其复杂 本书即是从多个角度和层面对的字进行研究的学术专著。”徐阳春.虚词“的”及其相关问
7、题研究M.北京：文化艺术出版社.2006.The most frequently used Chinese characters(Top five):1 的 2 不 3 一 4 我 5 是,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,11,1-4.“的”杀勿论水满则溢,这是个很长的、很优美的、富有感情的句子。改：这是个长句，措辞优美，富有感情。或：这是个措辞优美、富有感情的长句。同学们，根据今天上课内容的重点部分作成的课件上的字体的颜色的深浅度已经调过了，希望后排的同学能够看得更清楚啊！改：同学们，今天我把上课重点制成了课件，字体颜色调过了，希望后排同学能够看得更
8、清楚啊！,我是个蒸不烂、煮不熟、捶不扁、炒不爆、响当当一粒铜豌豆。关汉卿南吕一枝花不伏老 我是个蒸不烂的、煮不熟的、捶不扁的、炒不爆的、响当当的一粒铜豌豆。变体（滑稽语句）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,12,A Model,陋室空堂，当年笏满床，衰草枯杨，曾为歌舞场。蛛丝儿结满梁，绿纱今又糊在蓬窗上。说什么脂正浓，粉正香，如何两鬓又成霜。昨日黄土陇头送白骨，今宵红灯帐底卧鸳鸯。金满箱，银满箱，展眼乞丐人皆谤。正叹他人命不长，哪知自己归来丧。训有方，保不定日后做强梁。择膏梁，谁承望流落烟花巷。因嫌纱帽小，致使锁枷扛。昨怜破袄寒，今嫌紫蟒长。乱烘烘你方
9、唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡。甚荒唐；原来都是为他人做嫁衣裳。好了歌注解,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,13,1-5.气定神闲乎？,问：“的”字杀完、气喘匀了，定语翻译能过关吗？答：非也。问：Why?答：请翻译：He is a good teacher who makes no mistakes.不犯错误的老师是好老师。再好的老师，也会犯错误。题解：It/he is+adj.+n.+that/who clause再怎么也不另见：He is a good physician who cures himself.中国翻译编辑部.2009年高等院校本科翻译专
10、业师资（笔译）培训班讲义Z.2009.,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,14,问：若能掌握上述句式结构，可以过关吗？,答：Still 非也！问：Why again?答：请翻译：Dont write anything you can phone,dont phone anything you can talk face to face,dont talk anything you can smile,dont smile anything you can wink and dont wink anything you can nod.(Earl Long
11、),二、定语功能例析,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,16,Dont write anything you can phone,dont phone anything you can talk face to face,dont talk anything you can smile,dont smile anything you can wink and dont wink anything you can nod.(Earl Long),能够在电话里谈的事情千万不要写在白纸上；能面谈的事情千万不要在电话里说；轻轻一笑能带过去的就千万别唠叨；眨眨眼睛
12、示意一下既然行了，那就不要微笑；点头可以了事的则不必使眼色。（共计86字）董桥.文字是肉做的M.上海:文汇出版社.2005.,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,17,2-1.定语从句蕴涵假设关系,Dont write anything you can phone,dont phone anything you can talk face to face,dont talk anything you can smile,dont smile anything you can wink and dont wink anything you can nod.(
13、Earl Long),凡事能打电话，就别写在纸上；能面谈就别打电话；能一笑带过就别做声；能眨眼示意就不用微笑；点头能行就别使眼色。（共计54字）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,18,2-2.定语从句蕴涵因果关系,World War II was,however,more complex than World War I,which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets,resources and territories.“可二战比一战更为复杂，因
14、为一战只是帝国主义列强间争夺市场、资源和领土的战争”。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,19,2-3.定语从句蕴涵转折关系,A good deal went on in the steppe which heher fatherdidnt know.当时大草原上有许多事情发生，而他（她父亲）却一无所知。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,20,问：由此看来，定语不一定要译成定语了？,答：C-E translation/E-C translation皆然。定语翻译策略谓之：译形不译意；译意不译形；形意俱译；形意俱不
15、译。,三、形、意译例谈,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,22,印度“四句”逻辑，其基本模式为：一）有；二）无；三）亦有亦无；四）非有非无。一）译字不译音；二）译音不译字；三）音字俱译；四）音字俱不译。（北宋“通慧大师”僧人赞宁）王宏印.中国传统译论经典诠释从道安到傅雷.武汉：湖北教育出版社.2003.定语翻译策略：译形不译意；译意不译形；形意俱译；形意俱不译。（形，即定语形式；意，即字面意义）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,23,我可告诉你啊，你得抓住这个机会，过了这个村，可就没这个店了。I tell you
16、,this is a now-or-never opportunity.校门口有个牌子，上面写着：社会车辆禁止入内。At the gate of the school,stands a notice which says:staff parking.选用该策略的原因是什么呢？,A Test for C-E Translation,四、翻译策略溯源,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,25,翻译策略的选取，是以语言本身的特点为基础的。而定语翻译策略如何定夺，也当由其形式特点而决定。4.1 英文定语分类、分布及功能4.2 中文定语分类、分布及功能,10/18/
17、2023,Translation of Attributes,26,4-1.英文定语分类、分布及功能（功能部分略）,4.1.1 前置定语(premodifier)4.1.2 后置定语(postmodifier)4.1.3 定语从句（restrictive attributive clause&non-restrictive attributive clause),10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,27,4.1.1 英文前置定语,He is applying for a famous American university.The artist is ap
18、preciating an interesting little red French oil painting.John met a small lovely girl.By the window sits a pale anxious patient.,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,28,There is nothing important in todays paper.Lets go somewhere quiet.It was a conference fruitful of results.English is a language ea
19、sy to learn but difficult to master.,4.1.2 英文后置定语,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,29,4.1.3 定语从句,Those who are going abroad have to make lots of efforts.（restrictive attributive clause)She is going to spend summer holidays in Ningbo,where she has some friends.（non-restrictive attributive clause）
20、,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,30,4.2 中文定语分类及分布,4.2.1 前置定语4.2.2 后置定语（古汉语、结构变异）4.2.3 定语从句（无）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,31,4.2.1 汉语前置定语,1.在汉语中，定语常由形容词、数量词、名词、代词充当，也可有其他词或短语充当。和暖的阳光照着平静的湖水。（形容词作定语）我给大家讲一个故事。（数量词作定语）今天的报纸看过吗？（名词作定语）我们的历史有自己的特点。（代词作定语）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attribut
21、es,32,4.2.1 汉语前置定语（续）,2.几点说明：A 在句子中，结构助词“的”前用来修饰、限制名词的词或短语就是定语。也就是说，结构助词“的”是定语的标志。例如：浙江的工业发展很快。B 有时定语后可不带“的”。例如：这里盖起了一座房子。C 名词前有时定语不止一个。例如：我们学校的两位有三十年教龄的语文老师当上了代表。D 定语的位置在主语前面，和宾语前面。例如：小明的爸爸是一名光荣的人民教师。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,33,4.2.2 古汉语后置定语,得西山后八日，寻山口西北道二百步，又得钴姆潭。潭西二十五步，当湍而浚者，为鱼梁。梁之上有
22、丘焉，生竹树。其石之突怒偃蹇（高耸仰卧），负土而出，争为奇状者，殆不可数。其嵚然相累而下者，若牛马之饮于溪；其冲然角列而上者，若熊罴之登于山。柳宗元钴姆潭西小丘记,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,34,4.2.3 定语结构变异（表强调）,她一手提着竹蓝，内中一个破碗，空的；一手拄着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂，她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。鲁迅祝福,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,35,结语,中英文定语，既有相同点，又有不同点。前者为形式对应提供了条件（形意俱译）；而后者则要求译文必须脱开原文形式，以求意义的明
23、晰传达（译形不译意；译意不译形）；此外，为达到特定的语用效果，个别语句可以采用转换表达（形意俱不译）。,五、定语从句的翻译,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,37,Warm-up,Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once.I can do something for twelve hours that would appall me if I had to keep it up for a lif
24、etime.只是为了过好今天，要努力过好这一天，仅仅是这一天。不指望当即解决一生所有难题。假若有些事情一生必须要做，即便令我害怕，我也会花12个小时去做。（表让步）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,38,翻译方法,一、合译法二、分译法三、混译法（略）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,39,一、合译法,合译法通常用于句式较短的情况，主要以限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时，一般将其译成“的”字结构，有时也将定语部分译成谓语、兼语句的一部分，或带有“这”字句的简单句。,10/18/2023,Translation of
25、 Attributes,40,1-1译成定语“的”字结构,将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面。例1：He is not the one who will give up easily.译文：他不是一个轻易服输的人。例2：Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.译文：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,41,1-2译成谓语（I）,当定语从句是存在句，尤其是在“there be结构”及其变体结构、以及在“it be+主语+定语从句”的结
26、构中，定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语，因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。例1：There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.译文：在那群人中，有的人每天都站在那里，站了一个月。例2：There have been good results in the experiments that have given him great encouragement.译文：实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓励。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,42,1-2
27、译成谓语（II）,另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。例1：We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from your own.译文：我们的社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国的不一样。例2：We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.译文：我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的某些标志。,10/18/2023,T
28、ranslation of Attributes,43,1-3译成兼语句的一部分,当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时，就可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。例1：I need someone who can instruct me in my English study.译文：我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。例句2：When I passed by,I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife.译文：当我经过时，我看到一个人在和他的妻子吵架。,10/18/2023,Translation of Att
29、ributes,44,1-4译成连动式的一部分,为了行文方便，有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译，从而使句子显得连贯，符合汉语的表达习惯。例1：He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket,which he began to drink slowly.译文：他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。例2：We will send the boy to Britain,where he can receive better education.译文：我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。,10/18/2023,Translati
30、on of Attributes,45,1-5译成“这”字句,有时，关系代词并不仅仅只是指代先行词，它还指代前面整个句子的内容。这时，我们一般将其译成“这”或“这一点”。例1：He admired Mrs.Brown,which surprises me most.译文：他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为惊讶。例2：She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.译文：她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,46,分译法是指将主句和从句分
31、开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。这种方法一般采用主句在前，从句在后的翻译形式，将句子翻译成两个相对独立的小分句。严格地说，合译法中的第5点（译成“这”字句）也属于这种翻译方法。,二、分译法,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,47,2-1译出关系代词或关系副词（I）,根据逻辑需要，在翻译前，我们首先应该弄清关系词所指代的内容，进而按照先行词的词义来进行翻译。例1:He has learned French,which he thinks is the most beautiful language i
32、n the world.译文：他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。例2:This is a college of science and technology,the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.译文：这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,48,另外，英语常常把强调部分放于句首，而汉语却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分，翻译为后置型并列分句，以求在形式上突出主句内容。例1:She suddenly though
33、t of her husband,who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of.译文1：她丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信，现在她突然想起了他。译文2：她突然想起了自己的丈夫，他抛妻弃子，到现在仍杳无音信。,2-1译出关系代词或关系副词（II）（探讨篇）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,49,例2:The men suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in t
34、hese trifles,which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.译文：以前，它们一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在这些人突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。译文：这些人突然发现，这些小玩意儿竟也美好而富有意义，可他们却一直漫不经心地踩在脚下。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,50,有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句，但意义上却和主句融为一体。在翻译时，应省略引导定语从句的关系词，从而使句子的意思显得更为连贯。例1:After dinner,the four key
35、 negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night.译文：晚饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。例2:His wife,Betty,is Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight,and whose book“Moon”,tells of her sisters life in China.译文：他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人，八岁离开中国，写过本名叫月的书，记叙了她妹妹在中国的生活。,2-2省略关系代词或关系副词,10/
36、18/2023,Translation of Attributes,51,有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远。这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句子。例1:Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully,which showed that the computations were accurate.译文：不过，问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算是很精确的。,2-3译成相对独立的小分句,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,52,2-4.译成状语从句（I）,例1：He still works
37、 hard to earn more money,which he has had enough.他仍然为赚取更多的钱而努力工作，尽管他的钱已经够多了。(concession)例2：In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly,try not to get involved.译文：在两国发生争端时，如与该两国皆友好，则应避免卷入。(condition),10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,53,2-4.译成状语从句（II）,例3：Copper,which is used so wide
38、ly for carrying electricity,offers very little resistance.译文：铜的电阻很小，因此被广泛用于输电。(result)例4：Chaplin,whose mother was ill for many years,had to dance in streets to earn money.译文：由于母亲病了好多年，卓别林不得不到街头表演去挣钱。(cause)例5：But the Southern States wanted to set up a country of their own,where they would be free to
39、 keep black slaves.但是南方各州（南部邦联）却想建立他们自己的国家，以便在那里他们可以随心所欲地继续把黑人当作奴隶。(purpose),10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,54,例6：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.译文：他做了一架望远镜，以便研究天空。(purpose)例7：Anyone who wants to can go for a walk.译文：谁想去散步就可以去。(condition)例8：He insisted on buying an
40、other house,which he had no use for.译文：他坚持再买一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。(concession),2-4.译成状语从句（III）,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,55,Appendix:types of adverbial clause,时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句目的状语从句让步状语从句比较状语从句方式状语从句结果状语从句,adverbial clause of timeadverbial clause of placeadverbial clause of causeadverbial
41、 clause of conditionadverbial clause of purposeadverbial clause of concessionadverbial clause of comparisonadverbial clause of manneradverbial clause of result,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,56,结语：定语从句功能明晰化（针对第五节）,有些定语从句，尽管在原文中表现为定语从句，但其行使的功能，可能并非仅仅是定语的限定功能，而可能表现为转折关系、承接关系、并列关系、因果关系等。因而，译者在翻译过程中，将这种关系明晰化，使其成为一种显性关系，会更能传达原文的功能。,10/18/2023,Translation of Attributes,57,He who idles away the time is nothing but a living death.,译文：虚度年华者，虽生犹死。虚度年华者，如同行尸走肉。人若虚度年华，无异于行尸走肉。虚度年华，虽生犹死。,
