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1、Phonetics,-Chapter Three,Contents,I.Definition of Phonetics;II.International Phonetic Alphabet;III.Branches of Phonetics;IV.Articulatory Phonetics.,语音学就是对在所有人类语言或某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研究。,I.Definition of Phonetics,Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which are used by all human languages or b
2、y a particular language to represent meanings.,II.International Phonetic Alphabet,2.1 What is it?;2.2 Why do we use it?;2.3 How do we use it?.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,5,国际音标字母表,2.1 What is it?,International Phonetic Alphabet(shortened as IPA)is the phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phon
3、etic Association(also shortened as IPA)in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,6,2.2 Why do we use it?,The first reason is that there is usually a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of many languages;The second reason is that we nee
4、d an orthography as far as linguistic study is concerned.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,7,2.3 How do we use it?,Broad Phonetic Transcription:is that which only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details,e.g.pen;,Narrow Phonetic Transcription:is that which not only t
5、ranscribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning but also provides the details by using diacritics,e.g.ph.,宽式标音法,严式标音法,.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,8,Diacritics（变音符）,are the additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length,tone,stress,nasalization,etc.Exam
6、ples are i:,and,etc.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,9,broad/narrow transcription宽式和严式标音,When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription,it is called a broad transcription.The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription.Both are phonetic transcr
7、iptions so we put both forms in square brackets.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,10,Common Phonemic Rules,Aspiration hUnreleased Stop Flap Dental Consonants Velarization Voicelessness Vowel lengthening Vowel nasalization,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,11,III.Branches of Phonetics,Articulatory PhoneticsAcoustic Phone
8、ticsAuditory Phonetics,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,13,Articulatory Phonetics（发音语音学）:is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs;Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学）:is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted between mouth and ear;Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学）
9、:is the study of the perceptual response to speech sounds as mediated by ear,auditory nerve and brain.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,14,IV.Articulatory Phonetics,4.1 Articulatory Organs;4.2 English Consonants;4.3 English Vowels;4.4 Natural Classes of Sounds;4.5 Binary Feature Description of Sounds.,2023/10
10、/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,15,Oral Cavity（口腔）,Pharynx（咽）,Larynx（喉）vocal cords&glottis,Nasal Cavity（鼻腔）,The Four Cavities,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,16,10.Larynx（喉）,The Speech Organs,1.Lips（唇）,2.Teeth（齿）,3.Alveolar ridge（齿龈）,7.Tip of the tongue（舌尖）,4.Palate（硬腭）,8.Blade of the tongue（舌面）,9.Back of the tongue（舌背）,11.
11、Pharynx（咽）,12.Nasal cavity（鼻腔）,.,5.Velum（软腭）,6.Uvula（小舌）,.,.,.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,17,Anatomy of the Vocal Tract,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,18,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,19,Anatomy of the larynx,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,20,Vocal Cords and Glottis,声带,声门,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,21,Speech production levels,Res
12、piration(sub-glottal activity)How do we control our breathing to help our speech communication?Phonation(glottal/laryngeal activity)How do we control our vocal-folds to help our speech communication?Articulation(supra-glottal activity)How do we control our articulators to help our speech communicati
13、on?,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,22,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,23,4.2 English Consonants,4.2.1 Definition;4.2.2 Subdivisions;4.2.3 Some other issues.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,24,辅音就是发音过程中声道闭塞或变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到产生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。,4.2.1 Definition,A consonant is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing in the voca
14、l tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked,or so restricted that audible friction is produced.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,25,4.2.2 Subdivisions,4.2.2.1 Places of articulation（发音部位）:It means the part of the vocal tract at which the airstream is constricted,obstructed or blocked;,TABLE,2023/
15、10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,26,Place where sounds are produced,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,27,4.2.2.2 Manners of articulation（发音方式）:It means the way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,28,4.2.2.1 Places of articulation,Bilabials（双唇音）:p b m w;Labiodentals（唇齿音）:f
16、 v;Interdentals（齿间音）:;Alveolars（齿龈音）:t d n s z l r;Palatals（硬腭音）:j;Velars（软腭音）:k g;Glottal（声门音）:h.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,29,4.2.2.2 Manners of articulation,Stops（爆破音）:Oral stops:p b t d k g;Nasal stops:m n;Fricatives（摩擦音）:f v s z h;Affricates（破擦音）:;Liquids（流音）:l r;Glides（滑音）:j w;Voiceless vs.Voiced
17、 Sounds（清/浊音）.,Stops are the sounds in which the airflow is briefly but completely stopped in the oral cavity.,Fricatives are the sounds produced with so narrow a constriction in the vocal tract as to create sound through friction.,Affricates are the sounds produced by a stop closure followed immedi
18、ately by a slow release characteristic of a fricative.,Liquids are all of the apico-alveolar sounds that release the airstream from one or both sides of the mouth.,Glides are sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream that is always preceded or followed by a vowel.,Voiceless soun
19、ds are those produced with open,non-vibrating vocal cords;while voiced sounds with vibrating vocal cords.,.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,30,Manners of articulation,(Median)Approximant(中）通音:an articulation in which one articulator is close to another,but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an ex
20、tent that a turbulent airstream is produced.i.e.w,r,j Lateral(approximant)边（通）音:obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract,with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth,such as l in English.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,31,Table o
21、f English Consonants,Voiceless bilabial stop,Voiced bilabial stop,Voiceless alveolar stop,Voiced alveolar stop,Voiceless velar stop,Voiced velar stop,bilabial nasal,alveolar nasal,velar nasal,voiceless labiodental fricative,voiced labiodental fricative,voiceless interdental fricative,voiced interden
22、tal fricative,voiceless alveolar fricative,voiced alveolar fricative,voiceless palatal fricative,voiced palatal fricative,glottal fricative,voiceless palatal affricate,voiced palatal affricate,lateral（旁流音）,retroflex（卷舌音）,bilabial glide,palatal glide,.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,32,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红
23、,33,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,34,The pronunciation of/p/and/b/,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,35,The pronunciation of/t/and/d/,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,36,The pronunciation of/k/and/g/,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,37,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,38,Allophonic variations of/p/,AllophoneOccurrence Exampleph Aspirated release
24、in initial word and stressed positionspokep-Unreleased in word final position top tenp Unaspirated release in clusters,esp.after/s/spotp:Lengthening,when arresting/p/is followed by a releasing/p/Stop Pete.p Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalStop him.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,39,Allophonic variation
25、s of/b/,AllophoneOccurrence Exampleb-Unreleased in word final position robb:lengthened when arresting/b/is followed by a releasing/b/Rob Bobb Nasal resonance,before a syllabic nasal Rob him.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,40,Allophonic variations of/t/,AllophoneOccurrence Exampleth Aspirated release in init
26、ial word and stressed positionstapet-Unreleased in word final position coat hangert Unaspirated release in clusters,esp.after/s/stopt:Lengthening,when arresting/t/is followed by a releasing/t/Get ten.t Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalbutton t Dentalized before/eighth Flapped,intervocalicallylet
27、ter Glottal stop,before syllabic n or lbutton,battle,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,41,Allophonic variations of/d/,AllophoneOccurrence Example d Dentalized before an interdental widthd-Unreleased in word final position lead glass dl Bilateral release with/l/middled:Lengthened when arresting/d/is followed by
28、 a releasing/d/sad Daved Nasal release,before a syllabic nasal bread and butter,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,42,Allophonic variations of/k/,AllophoneOccurrence Examplekh Aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionskeepk-Unreleased in word final position take minek Unaspirated release in cluste
29、rs,esp.after/s/skyk:Lengthening,when arresting/k/is followed by releasing/k/Take Kim.k Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalbeaconklBilateral release with/l/clockc or kAssimilated to a front vowelkeen Glottal stop,before syllabic n baconkwRounded,before a rounded soundquarter,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,
30、43,Allophonic variations of/g/,AllophoneOccurrence Exampleg-Unreleased in word final position and some clusters flag g:Lengthened when arresting/g/is followed by a releasing/g/big grapesgl Bilateral release with/l/gladg Nasal release,before a syllabic nasal pig and goatg Assimilated to a front vowel
31、 geesegw Rounded,before a rounded sound goose,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,44,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,45,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,46,Labiodental(唇齿音):/f/v/,Dental(齿音):/,Side view for the articulation of/f/v/,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,47,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,48,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,49,Alveolar(齿槽音):/s/z/,Pos
32、talveolar(后龈音):/,Side view for the articulation of/s/z/,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,50,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,51,Postalveolar(后龈音):/t/d/,Side view for the articulation of/t/d/,Postalveolar(后龈音):/,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,52,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,53,Allophonic variations of/m/Syllabic:somethingLengthened,w
33、hen an arresting/m/is followed by a releasing/m/:some moreThe labiodnetal nasal,when followed by/f/:comfort,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,54,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,55,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,56,Allophonic variations of/n/Dentalized before a labiodental/f/or/v/:inviteVelarized before/k/or/:thinkSyllabic:butt
34、onLengthening,when/n/arrests and releases adjoining syllables:ten names,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,57,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,58,Allophonic variations of/r/Devoiced as in voiceless clusters:treatThe one-tap flap/r/:veryThe retroflexed/r/:rightThe back/r/,before or after/k/or/:crate grey,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大
35、学 张旭红,59,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,60,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,61,Allophonic variations of/l/Syllabic:bottleClear-l,made with the tongue in the classical fronted position:leaseDark-l,(the tongue tip and blade in the post alveolar position):callDevoiced in consonant clusters with voiceless stops:playThe p
36、ost-palatal,or velar/l/:milk,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,62,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,63,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,64,Vowel diagram for/j/,Vowel diagram for/w/,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,65,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,66,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,67,4.2.3 Some other issues,More about Stops:Plosives-another name for oral s
37、tops;A glottal stop as in Latin ln,or bottom bm in American English;More about Glides:A voiceless labiovelar glide(hw)as in which i in American English;,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,68,More about Retroflex:A flap（闪音）r as in very in British English;Approximants（无摩擦连续音）:A covering term for liquids,glides an
38、d vowels./w/,/r/,/j/-They are called approximants because this is an articulation in which the articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant such as a stop,nasal or fricative.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,69,4.3 English Vowels,4.3.1 Defini
39、tion;4.3.2 Subdivision:4.3.2.1 Criteria of Vowel Description;4.3.2.2 The Theory of Cardinal Vowels;4.3.2.3 Description of Monophthongs;4.3.2.4 Description of Diphthongs.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,70,元音是口腔内没有完全闭塞或收窄程度不足以产生可闻摩擦时发出的音。,4.3.1 Definition,A vowel is a speech sound articulated without a comple
40、te closure in the mouth or a degree of narrowing which would produce audible friction.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,71,4.3.2.1 Criteria of Vowel Description,The vertical position of the tongue:High（高）,Mid（中）,Low（低）;The horizontal position of the tongue:Front（前）,Center（央）,Back（后）;The shape of the two lips:
41、Rounded（圆唇）,Unrounded（非圆唇）;The tenseness of the muscles involved:Tense（紧）,Lax（松）.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,72,vowels,vowels Monophthongs semi-vowel vowel glides Diphthongs triphthongs,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,73,Features of Vowels,Functionally,vowels are the basis of syllables.Physically,vowels are musi
42、cal.Articulatorily,for vowels,airstream is not obstructed,and speech organs are tense.,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,74,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,75,General British&General American,GBGA kit,ship,bridge,milk,myth,busy dress,step,neck,edge,shelf,friend trap,tap,back,badge,hand,cancel lot,stop,sock,possible,qua
43、lity truck,cup,suck,budge,pulse,trunk foot,put,bush,full,good,look,wolf:bath,staff,brass,ask,dance,calf cloth,cough,broth,cross,long:rnurse,hurt,lurk,burst,jerk,term i:ifleece,speak,leave,feel,key,people,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,76,GBGAee face,tape,cake,raid,veil,steak,:palm,psalm,father,bra,spa,large
44、r:thought,taught,sauce,jaw,broad o goat,soap,joke,home,know,so u:ugoose,loop,shoot,tomb,huge,view a a price,ripe,write,arrive,try,buy choice,avoid,noise,join,toy,royal a a mouth,out,house,loud,crowd,cow(rnear,beer,sincere,fear,beard e e(rsquare,care,fair,pear,scarce,vary:(rstart,far,bark,carve,farm,
45、heart:(rnorth,for,short,scorch,born,warm:o(rforce,four,sport,porch,borne,story(rcure,poor,tourist,pure,plural,jury,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,77,基本元音是由英国语音学家D 琼斯（1881-1967）设计发明的。它是一套标准的参照点，为人们提供了一种精确地描写语言里元音的方法。,4.3.2.2 The Theory of Cardinal Vowels,Cardinal vowels are a set of standard reference points
46、,devised by the British phonetician Daniel Jones(1881-1967),to provide a precise means of identifying of vowel sounds of a language.,Cardinal Vowel Diagram,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,78,Cardinal Vowels,a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined,fixed and unchanging,intended to provide a frame of refer
47、ence for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.Daniel Jones(1962)Outline of English Phonetics,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,79,(Daniel Jones 1881-1967),英国杰出的语音学家。他出生于伦敦，1903年获得剑桥数学专业学位。其父是律师，他于1907年也一度操此业。1898年，他到伦敦一所古安法学校学习法语，发现自己学语言很在行。1900年他在菲埃托家乡的一所语言学校学了一个月德语，首次接触到外语教学的语音法。他通过校长的介
48、绍认识了帕西，在1905-1906年从师帕西学习语音学。1906年他学成回国，说服伦敦大学让他开设法语语音讲座。这为当地培训外语教师发挥了作用。讲座办得很成功。他继续干下去，直至办起了语音学系并亲自任教。琼斯是个实践语音学家，他提倡在外语教学中采用语音学方法。他写过关于多种语言的语音专著，其中包括俄语、印地语、锡兰语和汉语粤方言。他提出“基准元音”的概念，首次借助“元音四边形”图示精确而系统地对元音加以描述。他认为音位由有关系的一族语音构成。他只承认元音、辅音是音位，不承认重音、语调是音位。他的主要著作有英语语音、英语语音学纲要、英语正音词典、音位的性质和功用、莎士比亚原著读音、乔叟读音片段、
49、拼音改革的语音方面。他长期担任国际语音协会会刊语音教师的编辑，曾任协会的助理秘书、秘书和主席。从1926年BBC设立英语口语顾问委员会时起，他一直任该会委员。他又是简化拼法学会会员，1946年但任主席并致力于英语拼字法改革。他为多种语言创设了拼音文字，其中有拼写非洲语言的统一记音方案。,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,80,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,81,Cardinal Vowel Diagram,CV1 i,CV2 e,CV3,CV4 a,CV5,CV6,CV7 o,CV8 u,Front,Center,Back,High,Mid-high,Mid-low
50、,Low,CV9 y,CV10,CV11,CV12,CV13,CV14,CV15,CV16,CV18,CV17,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,82,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,83,Black:IPARed:English,2023/10/18,哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红,84,Monophthong纯元音或单元音vs.vowel glides.元音音渡,Languages also frequently make use of a distinction between vowels where the quality remains constant thro
