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1、2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,1,计算机专业英语,东莞理工学院 计算机学院赵维佺(博士、副教授)Email：Tel(短号:784069),Computer Professional English,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,2,课程简介（一）,学习的应用点：阅读文献，科技论文写作，报告，发邮件课程性质：考察课理论学时：32与普通英语的区别：专业性，科技性表现形式：词汇构成，时态与语态，符号表示方法，翻译方法,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,3,课程简介（二）,课程学习：课前预习+课堂讲授+课后练习+学生自己做报告练习内容：以组为单位，阅读一篇专业文 献，以
2、报告的形式讲解展示；考试形式：闭卷成绩比例：平时出勤、作业（20%）小组课堂报告（20%）卷面考试（60%）,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,4,教 材 内 容 简 介,本书包含了大量与计算机专业基础、专业技术及专业前沿知识相关的英文资料，并根据知识点分成28课。分别讲述了计算机硬件基础、计算机系统结构、计算机软件思想、编程语言、计算机网络结构、电子商务应用、计算机图像与动画以及计算机领域的新技术等内容。每课内容相对独立，如数据结构、操作系统、无线网络、远程教育、人工智能、电子支付等。每课后均附有重点词汇、课文难点注释、练习、两篇与课文内容相关的阅读材料以及计算机专业英语中相关的语法
3、知识讲述或专业术语介绍。书末附有练习答案，同时提供课文及第一篇阅读材料的参考译文。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,5,目 录,Unit 1 Introduction of Computers Unit 2 CPU and Memory Unit 3 Input and Output Systems Unit 4 C+Language Unit 5 Operating System Unit 6 Data Structure Unit 7 Database Principle,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,6,目 录,Unit 8 Principles of Compil
4、er Unit 9 Software Engineering Unit 10 MultimediaUnit 11 Distance EducationUnit 12 Computer Graphics and ImagesUnit 13 AnimationUnit 14 Grid Computing,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,7,目 录,Unit 15 Distributed SystemsUnit 16 Computer Network BasicsUnit 17 InternetUnit 18 Wireless NetworkUnit 19 Computer VirusUn
5、it 20 Office AutomationUnit 21 Virtual Reality,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,8,目 录,Unit 22 Artificial IntelligentUnit 23 Neural NetworkUnit 24 Introduction of Electronic CommerceUnit 25 Electronic Payment SystemUnit 26 Logistics and Supply-chain managementUnit 27 Electronic MarketingUnit 28 Computer Security
6、,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,9,Unit 1 Introduction of Computers,1.1 TextA computer is a digital electronic data processing system.Digital computer uses the binary number system,which has two digits:0 and 1.A binary is called a bit.Information represented in digital computers is in groups of bits.,2023/10/1
7、8,计算机专业英语教程,10,Notes,1 By using various coding techniques,group of bits can be made to represent not only binary number but also other discrete symbols,such as decimal digits or letter of alphabet.译文：通过应用各种编码技术，字位的组合不但可以用来表示二进制数，还可以表示其它的离散符号，比如十进制数字和字母表上的字母等。说明：本句的“By using various coding techniques
8、”作状语，主句采用被动语态。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,11,Computer Development,The First Generation of Computers(1946 through 1959).Through 1950,several other notable computers were built,each contributing significant advancements,such as binary arithmetic,random access,and the concept of stored programs.到1950年，又制造了几台
9、著名的计算机，而且每台都取得了很大的进展，如二进制运算，随机存取和存储程序的概念。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,12,Computer Development,The Second Generation of Computers(1959 through 1964)2 The transistor meant more powerful,more reliable,and less expensive computers that would occupy less space and give off less heat than did vacuum-tube-powered
10、 computers.译文：使用晶体管可做成功能更强、更可靠、更价廉的计算 机，它与真空管计算机相比占地面积小，功耗小。说明：本句的“that”引导定语从句，修饰宾语“computers”。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,13,Computer Development,The Third Generation of Computers(1964 through 1971)In time,the conversion of information systems from second-generation to third-generation hardware was writt
11、en off as the price of progress.这时（很快），信息系统从第二代向第三代硬件的转换完成了。written off：注销；很快完成 as the price of progress：由于价格的进步,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,14,Computer Development,The Fourth Generation of Computers(1971 through now)First there was Large Scale Integration(LSI),with hundreds and thousands of transistors pe
12、r chip,then came Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI),with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors.首先，出现了一个芯片上具有数百和数千个晶体管的大规模集成电路（LSI），接着出现了一个芯片上具有数万和数十万个晶体管的超大规模集成电路（VLSI）。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,15,Some people prefer to pinpoint the start of the fourth generation as 1971,with introd
13、uction of large-scale integration(more circuits per unit space)of electronic circuitry.有些人主张把推出大规模集成电路（单位空间上有更多的电路）的1971年作为第四代计算机的开始。However,other computer designers argue that if we accept this premise,then there would probably have been a fifth,a sixth,and maybe a seventh generation since 1971.然而其
14、他的计算机设计者争辩说如果接受这个观点，则可能在1971年后已经有了第五代、第六代、甚至第七代计算机。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,16,Computer types,Microcomputer is generally a synonym for the more common term,personal computer,or PC,which is a small single-user computer based on a microprocessor.微型机通常是更常用术语“个人计算机”或“PC”的同义词。个人计算机是基于微型机基础上的小型单用户计算机。3 In ad
15、dition to the microprocessor,a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data,a monitor for displaying information,and a storage device for saving data.译文：除了微型处理器，个人计算机还有输入数据的键盘、显示信息的显示器和存储数据的存储装置。说明：本句中的“In addition to the microprocessor”是状语，宾语是“keyboard”、“monitor”和“storage device”，宾语后的“for”结构是
16、宾语补足语。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,17,Computer types,Workstation is a powerful single-user computer.工作站是功能强大的单用户计算机。Mainframe or mainframe computer is a powerful multi-user computer.大型机或大型计算机是一种功能强大的多用户计算机。Minicomputer is a multi-user computer of a size between a microcomputer and a mainframe.小型机是一种多用户计算机，
17、尺寸介于微型机和大型机之间。Supercomputer is an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.巨型机是一种速度极快的计算机，每秒能执行上亿条指令。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,18,Desktop Computers,Desktop computers are the natural choice when a computer remains in the same place for all of its working li
18、fe.译文：当一台计算机在它整个工作期间一直都被放在同一个地方时，台式计算机是一个理所当然的选择。说明：本句由“when”引导时间状语从句。In addition,the common parts specifications allow a repair shop to maintain a smaller inventory because they can use the same parts in many different desktop computer makes and models.译文：此外，一般的配件说明书中都允许维修车间维持较少的库存量，这是因为他们能够在不同的品牌和
19、模型的台式计算机上使用相同的配件。说明：本句由“because”引导原因状语从句，“to maintain a smaller inventory”作宾语补足语。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,19,Desktop Computers,Desktop computers are modular systems that make it easy to add or replace individual parts to meet each users particular requirements.台式计算机采用模块化设计，使得在满足每位用户的特殊需求时能够容易的添加和替换单个的部
20、件。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,20,A computer intended for an illustrator or a computer-aided designer might have a higher-quality graphics controller and video display,where a purchasing agent may not use anything more demanding than a word processor and a spreadsheet.如果一台计算机要求能够画图或者带有计算机辅助设计系统，则要配置更高质量的显卡
21、及显示设备，而一个采购人要求使用字处理软件和报表系统也并不是什么过分的事情。Graphics 图形 video 视频,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,21,Modular design also means that you can transfer some old parts to your new computer when your old faithful machine that has finally become obsolescent.模块化设计也意味着当要扔掉已经废弃的计算机时，可以将一些旧的配件放在新的计算机上。Faithful 可信的，忠诚的Obsolesce
22、nt 荒废的，废弃的,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,22,You can not use a brand-new memory module or the latest disk drives with a 10-year-old motherboard because the designs have changed to accommodate newer and better processors and other devices.不能使用一个新品牌的内存或者近期生产的硬盘去匹配十年前生产的主板，因为设计要求它们匹配更新的更好的处理器和其它设备。module 模块Accom
23、modate适应，供应，匹配,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,23,Of course,there is a point of diminishing returns where it is better and less costly to buy a new system,but just about every desktop computer has room for economical improvement.当然，有一种收益递减的观点，就是购买一个新系统会更好且成本会更低，但几乎所有的桌面计算机都具有经济方面的改进空间。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,24,
24、Desktop Computers,The CPU chip in a desktop systemthe central processing unit that controls everything elseis also relatively easy to remove and replace with a faster CPU with similar architecture,and that fits in the same socket.CPU是台式计算机系统的中央处理器，用来控制系统中的个每件事情，移走它或用一个相似结构的、能够匹配同样插槽的快速CPU来替换，相对来讲也是容
25、易的。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,25,Keywords,accommodate 供应，适应，调节alphabet 字母表arrangements 安排，整理，约定compatibility 兼容性，一致性configure 配置conversion 变化，转换discrete 离散的，分立的eliminate 消去，淘汰emergence 出现，发生expansion 扩展，扩大evolutionary 发展，进化illustrator 说明者instruction 指令latch 获得，抓住，封闭mainframe 大型机,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,26,K
26、eywords,manufacturer 制造商notable 显著的，著名的obsolescent 废弃，淘汰occupy 占据，占用portable 便携式的prominent 突出的，重要的proprietary 专有的，独占的reliable 可靠的，确实的represent 描述，表示revolutionary 革命性的silicon 硅socket 插座，插槽transistor 三极管vacuum 真空,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,27,1.2 Reading Material 1：Motherboard,Motherboard is generally recta
27、ngular circuit board.Motherboard is usually composed of a CPU slot,an AGP slot,a CNR slot,five PCI slots,three DIMM slots,two IDE interfaces,a floppy drive interface,two serial ports,one parallel port,a PS/2 keyboard interface,a PS/2 mouse interface,two USB interfaces,erasable BIOS,control chip sets
28、 and other components.,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,28,Sound Card and Graphics,Sound card is audio sound card.Its basic function is to produce and handle voice signals,and then transfer the signals to the speakers.Graphics works more as a coprocessor.It is right for accelerating graphics processing operatio
29、n,and the CPU can handle other more important tasks.,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,29,Keywords,accelerate 加速，促进attention 注意，留意chassissi 机箱lever 杠杆merely 只，纯粹needle 针，磁针orifice 口，孔popularity 普及，流行rectangular 矩形的strictly 精密地，严格地,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,30,1.3 Reading Material 2：Notebook Computer,Higher performanc
30、e of CPUs,multimedia technology,as well as bigger memory and large-capacity silicon chips allow manufacturers to put in fancier things into notebook computers.The trend of notebook computers is as follows:Faster speed.Processors used are now usually fast CPUs.Large storage capacity.Multimedia capabi
31、lities.To support microphones,headphones,video-performance,and CD-ROM.Easier input methods.Pen,voice,and speech recognition in future.Built-in data communication support.Networking,built-in modern,even wireless support.,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,31,Keywords,affordable 负担得起的compromise 折衷方案，调和fancier 行家，空想
32、家headphone 头戴受话器，耳机innovation 创新，革新interview 协商，会谈intuitive 直觉的，直观的,返回,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,32,Unit 2 CPU and Memory,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,33,Unit2 CPU and Memory Keywords,constraint 约束，强制力contribute 贡献distinguish 区别，辨别emit 发射，发行independently 独立地，任意地kilobyte 千字节megahertz 兆赫mainstream 主流manipulate mni
33、pjuleit 处理，控制performance 性能,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,34,Keywords,permanent 永久的，不变的Quadrillion kwdriljn 千的五次幂，千万亿register 寄存器respective 分别的，各自的serially 连续地，顺次server 服务器Simultaneously saimlteinisli 同时发生的specification 规范，规格，说明tendency 倾向，趋势,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,35,CPU and Memory,2.1 TextThe CPU means the C
34、entral Processing Unit.It is the heart of a computer system.Cpu是指中央处理单元。它是计算机系统的心脏（核心）。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,36,NOTES,A processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions.处理器是解释并执行指令的功能部件。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,37,Notes,Every processor comes with a unique set of operations su
35、ch as ADD,STORE,or LOAD that represent the processors instruction set.译文：每个处理器都有一个独特的诸如ADD、STORE或LOAD这样的操作集，这个操作集就是该处理器的指令系统。说明：本句的宾语是“operations such as ADD,STORE,or LOAD”，“that represent the processors instruction set”作定语，修饰宾语。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,38,NOTES,Computer designers are fond of calling t
36、heir computer machines,so the instruction set is something referred to as machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language.计算机系统的设计者习惯将计算机称为机器，所以该指令系统有时也称做机器指令系统，而 书写它们的二进制语言叫做机器语言。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,39,NOTES,A processor is composed of two function
37、al units:a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit,and a set of special workspaces called registers.处理器有两个功能部件(控制部件和算术逻辑部件)和一组称做寄存器的特殊工作单元组成。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,40,Notes,Instead，the system clock sets the speed of“frequency”for data transport and instruction execution.系统时钟与保存每天时间的“实际时钟”不 同（The sy
38、stem is not the same as a“real-time clock”that keep track of the time of day）。系统时钟设置数据传输和指令执行的速度和频率。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,41,Notes,The clock rate set by the system clock determines the speed at which the computer can execute an instruction and,therefore,limits the number of instructions that a compu
39、ter can complete within a specific amount of time.译文：系统时钟的频率决定了计算机执行指令的速度，因此限制了计算机在一定时间内所能执行的指令数。说明：这是一个并列句，主语只有一个，“set by the system clock”作定语，修饰主语“The clock rate”，谓语有两个“determines”和“limits”，“at which the computer can execute an instruction”作定语，修饰宾语“speed”，而“that a computer can complete within a sp
40、ecific amount of time”也是定语，修饰“instructions”。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,42,Notes,For example,a CPU with an 8-bit word size is referred to as an 8-bit processor,it has 8-bit registers and manipulates 8-bit at a time.例如，字长为8位的CPU被称为8位处理器，它的寄存器是8位宽，可以同时处理 8位数据。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,43,Notes,There has also be
41、en a tendency toward special instructions that make certain operations particularly efficient,and the addition of hardware virtual memory support and L1 caching on the processor chip.还有一种趋势是用特殊指令使某个运算特别有效，以及在处理器芯片上增加硬件虚拟内存支持和L1缓存。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,44,Notes,And even home machines will start bumpi
42、ng up against the 2GB or 4GB limit pretty soon if current trends continue.按目前的趋势发展下去，就连家用的计算机也很快会遇上2GB和4GB的极限。Pretty 相当，颇,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,45,Notes,A 64-bit chip has none of these constraints because a 64-bit RAM address space is essentially infinite for the foreseeable future264 bytes of RAM is
43、 something on the order of quadrillion gigabytes of RAM。64位芯片没有这种限制，因为64位RAM地址空间在可以预见的将来实际上是无限的，因为264字节内存是千万亿GB内存的数量级。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,46,Notes,With a 64-bit address bus and wide,high-speed data buses on the motherboard,64-bit machines also offer faster I/O speeds to things like hard disk drive
44、s and video cards.译文：利用主板上的64位地址总线与宽的高速数据总线，64位机器还提供了硬盘驱动器、显示卡等的高速I/O速度。说明：本句的“With a 64-bit address bus and wide,high-speed data buses on the motherboard”作状语，“to things like hard disk drives and video cards”是宾语补足语。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,47,Notes,People doing video editing and people doing photograph
45、ic editing on very large images can benefit from this kind of computing power.译文：这类计算功能对进行视频编码和进行超大图像照片编辑的人有好处。说明：本句的主语是并列的两个“people”，“doing video editing”修饰第一个“people”，“doing photographic editing on very large images”修饰第二个“people”。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,48,Notes,An SIMD architecture also has a singl
46、e instruction cycle,but multiple sets of operands may be fetched to multiple processing units and may be operated upon simultaneously within a single instruction cycle.单指令流多数据流结构也是只有单一的指令周期。但是，其多个处理器可以取多个操作数，且可以在单一指令周期内同时执行。Fetch 取得,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,49,Notes,In an MIMD architecture,several instr
47、uction cycles may be active at any given time,each independently fetching instructions and operands into multiple processing units and operating on them in a concurrent fashion.在多指令流多数据流结构中，在任何给定时间内可以有多个指令周期，且每个指令周期均独立地取指令和操作数，送到多个处理器中，且以并行方式执行。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,50,NOTES,The memory unit is an es
48、sential component in any digit computer since it is needed for storing the programs that are executed by the CPU.译文：任何一台数字计算机都需要存储CPU所执行的程序，因此，存储器是计算机最重要的部件之一。说明：本句由“since”引导原因状语从句。,2023/10/18,计算机专业英语教程,51,NOTES,A very fast CPU can execute an instruction so quickly that it often must wait for data t
49、o be delivered from RAM,which slow processing.高速CPU处理指令的速度非常快，以至于大部分的时间不得不等待从处理速度很慢的RAM传送数据，这影响了处理速度。,52,2.4 专业英语词汇的构成特点,专业英语的构词有如下两个显著特点：大部分专业词汇来自希腊语和拉丁语；前缀和后缀的出现效率非常高。希腊语和拉丁语是现代专业英语词汇的基础。各行各业都有一些自己领域的专业词汇，有的是随着本专业发展应运而生的，有的是借用公共英语中的词汇，有的是借用外来语言词汇，有的则是人为构造的词汇。,53,计算机专业英语中常见的词汇类型有以下几种。1.技术词汇和次技术词汇 技
50、术词汇的意义狭窄、单一，一般只使用在各自的专业范围内，因而专业性很强。这类词一般较长并且越长词义越狭窄，出现的频率也不高。例如：Superconductivity（超导性）,amplifier（放大器）,flip-flop（触发器）等。次技术词汇是指不受上下文限制的各专业中出现频率都很高的词。这类词往往在不同的专业中具有不同的含义。例如：register在计算机系统中表示寄存器，在电学中表示计数器、记录器，在乐器中表示音区，而在日常生活中则表示登记簿、名册、挂号信等。,54,2.合成词 合成词是专业英语中另一大类词汇，其组成面广，多数以短划线“-”连接单词构成，或者采用短语构成。合成方法有名词
