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1、,语法非谓语动词讲解,Nonfinite Verbs,1.谓语动词：,概述：,2.非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词,A:是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分,B:不受制于主语，没有人称和数的变化,非谓语动词,动词不定式,动名词,分词,现在分词,过去分词,找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）,He stood there,tired from a whole day of work,thinking of a way to escape from the construction site.2.The news conference,to be held in that hall
2、,has already been crowded with reporters.3.Having reached the very peak of the Everest,the climbers cheered against the fierce north wind.4.He keeps buying expensive maps.He must have more than 200 by now.5.I heard the girl singing in the classroom.6.The man talking with my father is Mr.Wang.,状语,定语,
3、状语,宾语,(宾语)补语,定语,动名词（gerund）,一.动名词的基本构成,二.动名词的性质,动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：,1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰,I hope you dont mind my saying it.,2.动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语,Are you for or against having the meeting.I insisted on leaving at once.,三.动名词的功用,1.可作主语,Seeing is believing,Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge
4、.,no use no good no fun Its+a shame+doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous There is no+doing.,It is no use crying.It is no good objectingLooking after the patients is a nurses job.Its dangerous playing with fire.Its a waste of time copying others homework.There is no joking about the matter.,
5、2.可作宾语,S.+vt.+doing,Have you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.,在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：,避免错过(少)延期 avoid miss delay/postpone建议完成(多)练习 suggest/advise finish practise喜欢想象 禁不住 enjoy/appreciate imagine resist/cant help承认 否定(与)嫉妒 admit deny envy逃脱 冒险(莫)原谅 escape/envy
6、 risk pardon/excuse忍受 保持(不)在意 stand keep/keep on mind,注：在动词advise,allow,forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如,We dont allow fishing here.我们不准在这儿钓鱼。,We dont allow people to fish here.我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。,prefer.to.look forward to be used to put off give up S.+keep on+doing succeed in cant h
7、elp feel like be busy be worth have difficulty/trouble/problem(in),作介词/短语动词的宾语:,S.+v.+prep.+doing,e.g.She sat there without speaking.I look forward to seeing him again.Are you used to living there alone?When my father heard the news,he couldnt help laughing.I dont feel like going to see the film.He
8、was busy preparing his lessons.,3）既可接动名词也可接动词不定式的一些词的辨析,a)remember后跟动名词表示“记得曾做过某 事”；后跟不定式表示“要记住去做某事”。例如,I remembered giving you the book this morning.我记得今天早上把书还给了你。You must remember to give her the book tomorrow.你必须记着明天把书给她。,b)forget后跟动名词标号司“做过某事而忘记了”；后跟不定式表示“忘记了而不曾做某事”。,c)regret后跟动名词表示对已做过的事情后 悔；后跟
9、不定式表示对现在正在做或要去做 的事情后悔。,d）动词“like,love,hate,prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在 should,would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：,I like swimming,but I dont like to swim this afternoon.,我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。,What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？,Stop；forget；try；Mean；go on；,Others Examples,3）作表语:,S.+be+doing,My jo
10、b is teaching you English.His hobby is collecting stamps.My greatest happiness is serving the people.,4）作定语:,S.+v.+doing+n.,Does he work in the reading-room?Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.His grandfather has a bamboo walking stick.,四.动名词的时态和语态,完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动 作之前发生。例如,I regret
11、 not having taken your advice.He didint mention having met you before,2.被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对 象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：,She didnt mind being called a housewife,1.The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A.find B.to find C.on finding D.in finding2.Its necessary to be prepared for
12、 a job interview._ the answers ready will be of great help.A.To have had B.Having had C.Have D.Having3.I really cant understand _ her like that.A.you treat B.you to treat C.why treat D.you treating4.He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A.to lose B.los
13、ing C.to be lost D.being lost,动词不定式（The Infinitive）,一.动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成,肯定式：to do sth 否定式：not to do sth.被动式：to be done 完成式：to have done,二.动词不定式的句法作用法,动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作状语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语和主语等成份。,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening,
14、All you have to do is to finish it quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to study English.,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,(1)作主语,不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。,To see is to believe,Not to get there in time is your fault.,注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之
15、后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It+谓语+to do,It takes us an hour to get there by bus.,句型2：Its+n.+to do,Its our duty to help the poor.,It is a great enjoyment to spend our holiday in the moutains,句型3：It is adj.for/of sb.to do sth.,It is+adj+for sb to do sthIt is+adj+of sb to do sth,（是形容人的品质的）,（是形容事物的性质的）,It is easy fo
16、r me to finish this work before ten.It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.,It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.,You are very kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,(2)作宾语,I
17、 want to know this matter.,like,demand,want,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,agree,seem,hope,intend,prefer,promise,forget,decide,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,wish,start,afford,hate等,常见动词有：,I dont expect to meet you here.,1).,2).,不定式做动词tell,teach,know,show,find out,disco
18、ver,see(understand)的宾语时,不定式前常加连接代词who,which,what和连接副词how,when,where构成不定式短语做宾语.,I dont know how to get there.,I havent decided whether to go or stay.,接不定式做宾语,3).,I find/feel to work with him interesting,I find/feel it interesting to work with him,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,S
19、ubject+find/think/feel/make it+adj/n+to do sth.,Wethoughtitbettertostartearly.Doyouconsideritbetternottogo?Ifeelitmydutytochangeallthat.,（3）做表语：主语+系动词+不定式,1).其主语多为抽象名词(wish,need),My wish is to be a scientist.The main thing is to keep our room clean.,2).,be to do可构成将来时态,表“准备/打算/计划/需要”;,She is to retu
20、rn next week.It was about to leave when it started to rain.,(3)作宾语补足语,(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系),He asked me to do the work with him,能用于此用法的动词有：,ask,tell,invite,force,advise,get,beg,allow,want,wish,order,expect,prefer,persuade,teach,warn,request,forbid,cause,permit,oblige(迫使)，encourage,lead,等等。,Motherto
21、ldmetocomebackbefore10oclock.Illgetsomeonetorepairtherecorderforyou.Whatcausedhimtochangehismind?Iwishyoutocomeassoonaspossible.,1).,2).,Ioftenhearthemsingthissong.,感官动词（see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe）、使役动词（have,let,make）、及动词词组listento,lookat后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带to。,Didyounoticeanyonecomein?Iwouldhaveh
22、imwaitformeforalongtime.Lookatthehorsejump.,注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：,He is often heard to sing the song,Hewasseentoentertheroom.,不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She could do nothing but cry,What do you like to do besides swim?,I have no choice but
23、to go,(4)作定语,不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：,Ihavealotofworktodo.Herearesomebooksforyoutoread.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.TheymadeaplantostudyEnglish.HeexpressedhiswishtovisittheGreatWall.,注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：,He is looking for a room to live in,Please give me a knife to
24、 cut with,(5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe hurried to the school to find nobody there.To look at him，you would like him,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),1).目的状语:可放于句首,也可放于句末,前面可加in order/so as/soas to表强调.,He went to see the artist himself.He stopped to have a lo
25、ok.He ran so fast as to get to school in time,2).结果状语:主要用在enough to/tooto/only to结构中。,The question is too difficult to answer.They worked hard enough to finish their work.,3).原因状语:主语+系动词+adj.+to do,表感情的adj.有:happy,surprised,pleased,glad,sorry,anxious(忧虑),disappointed,careful,afraid,wrong.,Im very so
26、rry to see you.He was afraid to leave him home,动词不定式的时态和语态,动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。,When I got home,my son happened to be watching TV.,如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。,She is said to have read thirty novels this year.,Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long,After graduation,he asked
27、 to be sent to work in the countryside.,This novel is said to have been translated into French.,选出下面习题正确答案,1-Im hungry,and I want to eat the cake.-What!it is not good_ A.for eating B.to be eaten C.to eat D.at eating 2 Its important_ and helpful.A.to kind B.be kind C.kind D.to be kind3.It took Alice
28、and me an hour _out the problem.A.to work B.working C.work D.for working.4.I found it very important _ English well.A.learning B.learn C.to learn D.learned 5.Its very nice _you to _me about it.A.for;tell B.of;say C.to;speak D.of;tell,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Let me _(help)you _(water)the flowers.2
29、.Little Sandy would love _(take)to the cinema this evening.3.Though he often made his deskmate _(cry),today he was made _(cry)by his deskmate.4.I saw him _ into the small store.A.wentB.goingC.to goD.has gone5.Tell the boy _ out of the window.not to look B.to not lookC.dont lookD.not look,help,(to)wa
30、ter,to take,cry,to cry,1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A.to live inB.to be lived in C.to live D.for living in2.Would you please pass me the knife _?A.to cut the fruit withB.to cut the fruitC.cutting the fruitD.cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of
31、 paper（写上）4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen（写）,to write on,to write with,动词不定式做定语,有的动词既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词ing形式作宾语但表达的意思有所不同。这类动词有：like，stop，forget，remember。,1.Boys,dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A.closingB.closedC.to closingD.to close2-Look!The lig
32、hts in the classroom are out.-Oh,I forgot _.A.turning them offB.turn them offC.to turn them offD.turned them off3.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A.to have restedB.restingC.to restD.rest4.Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.A.to turn offB.turning offC.turn off
33、D.to turning off,分词：Participles,一 分词的概述,1.分词是“非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现 在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）。,2.现在分词：doing 过去分词：规则动词 V+ed 不规则动词,3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。,现在分词与过去分词的区别：,1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动,Do you know the woman talking to Tom?The soldier wounded in the war has becom
34、e a doctor.,2.时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成,Developing country boiling waterDeveloped country boiled water,二、分词的作用,1、作定语,分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。,（1）前置定语,He is a promising young man.Make less noise.Theres a sleeping child.We only sell used books.我们只卖用过的书。,（2）后置定语,The young man sitt
35、ing between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.,The bridge built last month needs repairing.,上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。,（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：,Those wishing to join this club should sign here.,(=Those who wish to join the club should sign here,),想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。,The man,having been di
36、sturbed so badly,almost lost his memory.,由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。,(The man,who had been disturbed so badly,almost lost his memory.),（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：,the question discussed yesterday,昨天讨论的问题（既表示被动也表示完成）,the fallen leaves,落下的树叶(只表示完成，不表示被动),2、作表语,分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：,She was too frighten
37、ed to move.她被吓得一动不动。What you said is really inspiring.你所说的真令从鼓舞。,怎样区分动名词和现在分词,My job is teaching.,换位法,Her job is getting everything in order in the office,The play is exciting.,Exciting is the play,The story he told us was very interesting,Interesting was the story he told us.,作表语,作定语,动名词作定语表示性质或用途。
38、,a washing machine,a machine for washing,a swimming pool,a pool for swimming,现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。,a developing country,a country which is developing,a sleeping boy,a boy who is sleeping,3、作宾语补足语,可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get 等词。,I saw him walking in
39、the street.我看见他在街上走。I heard them singing in the classroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。We found the boy sleeping.我们发现小孩睡着了。,A）I heard my brother(singing,sung)in the next room B）I heard the song(singing,sung)in English.,现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别,四、作状语,现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成,1.(Seeing/seen)from the top of the tower,we can see a b
40、eautiful factory.(Seeing/seen)from the top of the tower,the factory looks beautiful.2.(Hearing/heard)the bad news,they couldnt help crying.3.(Giving/Given)more time,we could do it better.,4.I stood by the door,not daring to say a word.,分词的时态和语态,构成（以study和go为例）,被动式：being done 表示一个现在进行的完成动作。,1.The bui
41、lding being repaired is our library.2.The question being discussed is very important.3.As we approached the village,we saw new houses being put up.,完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,Having turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.2.Not having received his fathers letter,he decided t
42、o make a call to him.,独立主格结构,一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。,Given more time,we could do it better.,Nobody havi
43、ng any more to say,the meeting was closed.,1独立主格结构的形式：,（1）名词/代词+-ing分词及其短语,The moon appearing,they decided to go on with their journey.The pupils are walking slowly,their teacher following.,（2）名词/代词+-ed分词及其短语,Good-bye said,we went home.All things considered,it is a good plan.,（3）名词/代词+形容词及其短语,The we
44、ather(being)hot,we all went swimming.Dinner ready,the hostess asked her guests to be seated.,（4）名词/代词+不定式及其短语,The money to be paid by the driver,the police went away.Here are the first two volumes,the third one to come out next month.,（5）名词/代词+副词及其短语,The meeting(being)over,we left the room.,（6）名词/代词
45、+介词及其短语,She stood there,book in hand.Everybody at home,we sat down to dinner.,2with+复合宾语结构,这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。这种结构有较鲜明的特色。在这种结构中，with后的宾语相当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附带情况或细节的，可以起状语作用的句子。翻译时，with原有的含意往往不翻译出来。,（1）with+名词/代词+名词The brave man fought the tiger with a stick his only weapon.H
46、e was carried into the hospital,with his face a mass of bleeding flesh.,（2）with+名词/代词+介词The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand.He was asleep with his head on his arms.Family dependants,when ill,enjoy free medical treatment,with medicines at half price.,（3）with+名词/代词+副词He went ou
47、t with his hat on.The square looks more beautiful than ever with her lights on.,4）with+名词/代词+形容词Dont speak with your mouth full.The once lowly serfs now walk with heads high.,5）with+名词/代词+-ing分词With the old man leading,the two started toward the mountains.With everyone surrounding us we can certainl
48、y succeed.She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.,（6）with+名词/代词+-en分词All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.He died with his lifes work still unfinished.With his matter settled,we left the room.,（7）with+名词/代词+不定式They are highly mechanized farms,with machinery to do most of the work.This was a severe test,with innumerable difficulties to be overcome.With five minutes to go before the last train left,we arrived here.,3.由There being+主语这种结构多表示原因。例如：,There being a lot of books to read,he often studied till midnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。,Thanks a lot!,
