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1、高一语法知识小结,高一（4）班By沈正浩,-ing 和-ed 结尾的形容词class=reply-text mb10 id=best-answer-contentpleased 高兴的 excited 激动的 1.以后缀-ed结尾的形容词 如ashamed,delighted,excited,frightened,interested,moved,pleased,surprised,worried等)通常用于说明人，不用于说明事物，即使它们所修饰的名词是事物，那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人。如：He had a pleased smile on his face.他脸上露出了满意的微笑。He
2、told me the news in a very excited voice.他告诉了我这个消息，声音很激动。第一句中的a pleased smile 意为“满意的微笑”，它指的是某人因感到满意发出的微笑；第二句中的 excited voice 指的是“激动的声音”，即指的是带有这种声音的某人感到激动。Note：原则上，-ed 形容词通常直接用于说明人，若修饰事物，则多为 air(神态),appearance(外貌),cry(哭声),face(表情),voice(声音),mood(情绪)等与显示某人的情感状况的名词。2.以后缀-ing结尾的形容词(如delighting,exciting,
3、frightening,interesting,moving,surprising,worrying 等)主要用于说明事物，表示事物的性质或特征，若用它们说明人，则表示此人具有此性质或特征。如：The story is very interesting.这个故事很有趣。,The man is very interesting.这个人很有趣。倍数的表达法class=reply-text mb10 id=best-answer-content倍数表达法：A+谓语+倍数+the+n.(size/height/length)+of B A+谓语+倍数+as+abj.+as B A+谓语+倍数+adj.
4、比较级+than B A+谓语+adj.比较级+than B+by+倍数 1).This square is twice the size of that one.This square is twice as large as that one.This square is once larger than that one.2).This factory produced three times as many cars as they did 10 years ago.,-ing-ed 作定语的区别class=reply-text mb10 id=best-answer-content两
5、个形容词换成定语从句的时候，被-ing修饰的先行词做从句的主语，被-ed修饰的先行词做从句的宾语，是被动态的。而且一般动词的-ing做形容词，这个动词一般是不及物动词；-ed，一般是及物动词 例如：The flying bird is so beautiful.=The bird which is flying is so beautiful.The girl,sitting next to me,is my cousin.=the girl who is sitting next to me is my cousin.The question disccused at present is
6、very important.=The question which is disccused at present is very important.China is a developing country.=China is a country which is developing.,后接to do的动词preferto be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of be busy cant help be ti
7、red of be capable of be afraid of think of burst out keep on insist on count on set about put off be good at take up give up be successful in,下列动词或词组都可以用不定式：afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 渴望 mean manage offer pl
8、an pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 后接ing的以介词to 结尾的词组,admit to doing sth 承认做了某事 2.apply to doing sth 适用于做某事 3.object to doing sth 反对做某事 4.see to doing sth 负责做某事 5.stick to doing sth 坚持做某事 6.take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事，逐渐习惯做某事 7.apply oneself to doing sth 专心致力于做某事 8.devote sth to doing s
9、th 把献给做某事 9.devote oneself to doing sth 献身于做某事 10.limit sth to doing sth 把限制在做某事的范围内 11.reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事 12.give ones life to doing sth 献身于做某事 13.give ones mind to doing sth 专心做某事 14.have a dislike to doing sth 厌恶做某事,15.have an eye to doing sth 注意做某事 16.have an objection to doing sth
10、反对(反感)做某事 17.pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事 18.set ones mind to doing sth 决心做某事 19.be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事 20.be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事 21.be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事 22.be reduced to doing sth使某人沦为做某事 23.be devoted to doing sth 把时间(钱，精力等)献给做某事 24.be limited to doing sth把限制在做某事的范围内
11、25.get down to doing sth开始做某事，认真处理某事 26.look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事,As引导的定语从句 As he realized,I was very useful to him.Air,as we know,is a gas.He was a foreigner,as I know from his accent.,10种基本时态 1）一般现在时*表示经常发生的动作（习惯性动作）或存在状态（能力、特征、性质、身份、籍贯等等）。常与always,usually,often,sometimes,everyday等时间状语连用。*表示
12、永恒的状态或者真理。例如：The earth moves round the sun.*表示已经预先计划或者安排的肯定将要发生的动作。用于come,go,start,begin,leave,return,sail等瞬间动词。句中常有表示将来的状语。（此状况下代替一般将来时表示将来）例如：Tomorrow we start for Shanghai.*在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作。例如：Theyll be so happy when I tell them.(时间状语从句When.),If you arent here on time tomorrow,Ill write t
13、o your parents.（条件状语从句if.）Next time Ill do as he says.（方式状语从句as.）Enven if it rains tomorrow,the sports meeting will take place.（让步状语从句even if.）注意when或者if引导的宾语从句、表语从句和定语从句不适用该情形，这时候要用一般将来时。*在say,see,hear,learn,tell,read,write这些表示互通信息的动词使用场合中代替现在完成时。如：He writes to say that he will go to Japan.*某些表达中表示
14、现在正发生的动作或存在状态。如：Here comes the bus!,（2）一般过去时*表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在状态。与表示过去时间的状语连用。如：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,just now,once upon a time,on the first of May,in 1980,in the old days等等。举例：Hzmmuk went to UK in September 2002.*表示过去接连发生的一系列动作。例如：The boy opened his eyes,looked at the polic
15、e,and then died.*在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。例如：She said she would not go with us if it rained.*表示从过去某一时间考虑，已经预先计划或者安排肯定要发生的动作。例如：She told us that the school opened on the following morning.,*表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。例如：Mary always got up too late.注意这种情形也可以用”used to+动词原形“或者would+动词原形来代替。例如：I used to work for t
16、he family that lived here.（3）一般将来时*表示将要发生的动作或存在状态。与表示将来的时间连用。如：tomorrow,next time,next year,in a few days等。*表示将来经常发生的动作。注意其他一些表示一般将来时的形式：#be going to+动词原形。用于表示已经决定或安排要做的事，以及必然或很可能发生的事。如：Its going to rain.#be to+动词原形。表示约定的、计划中的、按职责义务要求即将发生的、注定要发生的动作。如：Were to meet at the station at four this afternoo
17、n.,#be about to+动词原形。表示”即将、就要“。如：He is about to leave.#瞬间动词的一般现在时和现在进行时。如：We start at six and arrive at seven.The train is leaving.（4）过去将来时 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。常用于主句的谓语时过去时态的宾语从句中。如：I said that I should hear his answer the next day.注意表示过去将来时的其他方式与一般将来时的情形一样，不过be动词要换成过去时。如：We were about to lea
18、ve when it began to snow.,（5）现在进行时*表示说话时正在进行的动作。如：What are you doing here?*表示先阶段正在进行的动作（不一定是说话的时候正在进行）如：I came to Beijing last week.I am attending a meeting here.*在时间、条件状语从句中代替将来进行时。如：If I am sleeping when he comes,wake me up please.如果他来的时候我还在睡觉，请叫醒我。*有时代替一般现在时表达说话人的某种感情。与always,constantly,forever,c
19、ontinually连用。如：Youre always forgetting the important things.（表示批评和不满）*代替一般现在时强调情况的暂时性。如：Im walking to home because my bike is being repaired.,注意进行时常用于持续性动词。如果用于瞬间动词，表示”即将“（常有表示将来时间的状语）或者重复行动。例如：The train is arriving.（火车将要到达）She is nodding.（她不断点头）#die（渴望）、die out（消失）和begin的进行时态不表示即时的将来。注意know,love,ha
20、te,like,fear,think,want,believe,see,hear,own,cost等表示状态，感觉和心理活动的静态动词不用于进行时态。但是，下列情形除外：（a）要表示一种临时状态。（b）静态词义变成动态词义。（c）要表达某种感情色彩。Tips现在进行时和一般现在时区别。前者着眼于描述动作，后者着眼于陈述情况。,（6）过去进行时*表示在过去某一时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。必须有上下文暗示、另一动作表示或用表示过去时间的状语then,at that time,a moment ago等。如：Once I was travelling in the city.*有时代替一般过去时表示说
21、话人的某种情感。如：By the time I was 5,I was already working in the field.注意其他用法参考现在进行时的”注意“项。,（7）现在完成时*表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。与already,yet,not.yet,just,now,by this time连用。如：After all these years,weve at last paid off all our debts.经过这些年，我们最后把所有债务都还清了。(现在处于不欠债的状态)*表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态。常与表示一段时间的状语连用
22、，如today,this week(month,year,.),lately,recently,these days,in the past few years,during the last two days,since,since the end of last year,for a long time等。举例：The dustmen have been on strike for several weeks.清洁工几周前已经开始罢工了，现在还在罢工，而且有可能继续罢工下去。*表示过去的一种经历，与often,nver,ever,once,before,since.但不能与for two
23、hours一类的状语连用。如:I have been to the Great wall.*在时间和条件状语从句中代替将来完成时。如：I shall go as soon as I have finished my lessons.,8）过去完成时*表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作（过去的过去）。这个时刻可以用by,before 等介词短语或者时时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个过去动作来表示。例如：He often thought about the footmark.Perhaps he had made it himself.*表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一段时间的
24、动作或者状态。例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.*叙述过去发生的事情，在这之后，反过来补述、追叙更早以前发生的动作。例如：Lao Li die yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.注意在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的全是过去发生的事，那么先发生的动作用过去完成时。例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed.,注意在一个句子中按自然顺序叙述一系列动作时，全部用一般过去时。例如：The man
25、stood up,put on his hat and went away.注意一些固定句型常用过去完成时。比如hardly.when.和 no sooner.than.（都是”刚一。就。“的意思）。举例：The Arab had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his elbow.No sooner had he shut his eyes than he got a harder push in his side.（9）现在完成进行时 表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直进行到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能要继续进行下去。例如：I
26、see you have been making drawings of our defence works.注意现在完成时强调的是动作的完成。现在完成进行时强调动作的继续。特别在需要明确表明动作还要继续下去的时候，只能用现在完成进行时。所使用的时间状语基本相同但是现在完成进行时不能和表示不确定时间的状语never,ever,yet等连用。,注意表示状态、感觉和心理活动的静态动词不用于现在完成进行时，这时可以用现在完成时。例如：我们不能说I have been knowing him since his childhood.应该说I have known him since his child
27、hood.（10）过去完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去的另一时间，可能刚刚中指，也可能继续进行下去。和现在完成进行时用法相似，只是用于过去场合。例如：There was an old building at the back of the university where Hzmmuk had been working.One，that，it 辨析one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。Another other the other others the others 辨析,.another 指不定数目中的
28、“另一个、又一个”（三个以上）用来代替或修饰可数名词。如：I dont think the coat is good enough.Can you show me another?.other 泛指“另外的”修饰复数名词。如：We study Chinese,maths,English and other subjects.others 泛指“另外的人或物”，但不指其余的人或物的全部。如：Some like swimming,others like boating.the other 指两个中的“另一个”如：He has two sons,one is in Shanghai,the other is in Beijing.the others 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”如：There are thirty books on the bookshelf.Five are mine,the others are my fathers.,
