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1、开放性胫腓骨骨折的二期处理,唐坚上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院 骨科上海市骨科内植物重点实验室,开放性骨折,定义骨折部位皮肤或粘膜破裂骨折与外界相通,流行病学,开放性骨折全部肢体骨折的3%21.3/100,000/年30%为多发伤胫骨最多见(24%),严重程度(III度)百分比,主要损伤机制,引言,上世纪:长骨开放性骨折 高死亡率WWI:股骨开放性骨折死亡率70%主流:早期截肢以挽救生命“closed treatment of war fractures”主流转向:开放伤口清创,石膏固定,Trueta(1939),引言,影响:大大降低开放性骨折感染率主流转向:延期闭合伤口在伤后47天,关闭
2、伤口合并广泛软组织缺损者,二期处理,1943,青霉素,Hampton(1955),Hampton OP Jr:Basic principles in management of open fractures;JAMA 1955;159:417-419,紧急处置,气道(Airway)呼吸与通气(Breathing)循环(Circulation)神经功能评价(Disability)充分暴露,避免遗漏隐匿损伤(Exposure),二期处理,只要病人“稳定”,马上开始!重复全身体格检查!,治疗方向转变,抢救生命,挽救肢体,Open tibial fractures with associated va
3、scular injuries:prognosis for limb salvage.Lange RH,Bach AW,Hansen ST Jr,Johansen KH.J Trauma.1985 Mar;25(3):203-8.Ali AM,McMaster JM,Noyes D,Brent AJ,Cogswell LK.Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2015 May;97(4):287-90.,保存功能,预防并发症,开
4、放性骨折二期处理原则,保护软组织,保护血供防止坏死防止感染,损伤控制,损伤控制 可以理解为双重含义既控制原发损伤造成的严重后果 出血和污染使之不再发展又控制手术本身带来的损伤,保存软组织的活力,为后续治疗创造条件,治疗目的,预防感染获得骨折愈合重建软组织覆盖早期活动、功能锻炼,Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries:prognosis for limb salvage.Lange RH,Bach AW,Hansen ST Jr,Johansen KH.J Trauma.1985 Mar;25(3):203-8.Ali AM
5、,McMaster JM,Noyes D,Brent AJ,Cogswell LK.Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2015 May;97(4):287-90.,治疗目的,预防感染获得骨折愈合重建软组织覆盖早期活动、功能锻炼,Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries:prognosis for limb salvage.Lange RH,Bach AW,H
6、ansen ST Jr,Johansen KH.J Trauma.1985 Mar;25(3):203-8.Ali AM,McMaster JM,Noyes D,Brent AJ,Cogswell LK.Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2015 May;97(4):287-90.,预防感染,重中之重!,预 防 感 染,预 防 感 染,院前评价:ABCDE,预 防 感 染,Oestern-Tscherne损伤分类*,注:*适用
7、于开放性和闭合性骨折,AO分类,注:IO:体被开放,Gustilo-Anderson分类,1976,以胫骨为模型,但可用于所有骨折1,025例开放骨折分类根据:伤口的大小,1984,改良,强调:软组织损伤程度污染程度,Gustilo-Anderson I 度,低能量损伤损伤方向:内外污染程度:清洁损伤程度:轻微骨折粉碎程度:简单骨膜剥脱:无至轻度,Gustilo-Anderson II度,低至中等能量损伤损伤方向:外内污染程度:中度损伤程度:中度,部分肌坏死骨折粉碎程度:简单至中度粉碎骨膜剥脱:中度,Gustilo-Anderson IIIa度,高能量损伤损伤方向:外内损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏
8、死骨膜剥脱:广泛骨折粉碎程度:粉碎仍保留良好的软组织覆盖,高能量损伤损伤方向:外内损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏死骨膜剥脱:广泛骨折粉碎程度:粉碎仍保留良好的软组织覆盖,Gustilo-Anderson IIIa度,高能量损伤损伤方向:外内损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏死,骨折粉碎软组织缺损,需皮/肌瓣覆盖骨膜剥脱:广泛,Gustilo-Anderson IIIb度,软组织缺损,外固定架临时固定,损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏死,骨折粉碎软组织缺损,需皮/肌瓣覆盖,比目鱼肌瓣覆盖骨折部位,Gustilo-Anderson IIIb度,植皮覆盖创面,Gustilo-Anderson IIIb度,损伤程度:重度,广
9、泛肌坏死,骨折粉碎软组织缺损,需皮/肌瓣覆盖,高能量损伤截肢、感染风险增加III 型损伤+需要修复的主要血管损伤,Gustilo-Anderson IIIc度,软组织损伤程度与感染发生率相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,软组织损伤程度与感染发生率相关软组织损伤程度与骨折愈合时间相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gust
10、ilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,软组织损伤程度与骨折愈合时间相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,软组织损伤程度与感染发生率相关软组织损伤
11、程度与骨折愈合时间相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,预 防 感 染,前瞻性、双盲、随机对照研究感染率13.9%安慰剂组9.7%青霉素&链霉素治疗组2.3%1代头孢治疗组,预防性应用抗生素的重要性,Patzakis et al.1974,Patzakis et al.The Role of Antibiotics in the Manag
12、ement of Open Fractures.The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1974;56:532-541.,应用何种抗生素?,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.Tsukayama DT,Gustilo RB.Antibiotic management of open fractures.In:Greene W,ed.AAOS Instruc
13、tional Course Lectures.Park Ridge:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,1990:487-490.Patzakis MJ,Bains RS,Lee J,Shepherd L,Singer G,Ressler R,Harvey F,Holtom P:Prospective,randomized,double-blind study comparing single antibiotic therapy,ciprofloxacin,to combo antibiotic therapy in open fracture
14、wounds.J Orthop Trauma.2000 Nov;14(8):529-33.Okike K,Bhattacharyya T:Trends in the management of open fractures.A critical analysis.J Bone Joint Surg.2006 Dec;88(12):2739-48.Olszewski D,Streubel PN,Stucken C,Ricci WM,Hoffmann MF,Jones CB,Sietsema DL,Tornetta P 3rd.The Fate of Patients with a Surpris
15、e Positive Culture After Nonunion Surgery.J Orthop Trauma.2015 Aug 8.,1104例,开放性骨折结果:伤后3小时内应用抗生素显著降低感染率感染率:4.7%伤后3小时内,应用抗生素7.4%伤后3小时,应用抗生素,预防性应用抗生素的时机,Patzakis et al.1989,Patzakis et al.Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds.Clin Orthop.1989;243:36-40.,1000多例开放性骨折结果:伤后3小时内应用抗生素显著降
16、低感染率感染率:4.7%伤后3小时内,应用抗生素7.4%伤后3小时,应用抗生素,预防性应用抗生素的时机,Patzakis et al.1989,Patzakis et al.Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds.Clin Orthop.1989;243:36-40.,尽早应用抗生素,目前尚无定论伤后应用抗生素 1天 VS.5天无显著性差异,抗生素用多长时间?,Dellinger et al.1988,Dellinger EP,Caplan ES,Weaver LD,Wertz MJ,Brumback R,Burge
17、ss A,Poka A,Benirschke SK,Lennard S,Lou MA.Duration of preventive antibiotic administration for open extremity fractures.Arch Surg.1988;123:333-9.,抗生素用多长时间?,目前推荐:2472 hr,预 防 感 染,1973 Robson感染界值:105个细菌/克组织损伤至达到界值时间:5.17 hr1995 Kindsfater et al:47例 G2/3 开放性骨折,感染率:7%,5小时内清创38%,5小时后清创,清创时限,Friedrich PL.
18、Die aseptische Versorgung frischer Wundern.Arch Klin Chir.1898;57:288-310.Robson MC,Duke WF,Krizek TJ.Rapid bacterial screening in the treatment of civilian wounds.J Surg Res.1973;14:426-30.Kindsfater K1,Jonassen EA.Osteomyelitis in grade II and III open tibia fractures with late debridement.J Ortho
19、p Trauma.1995 Apr;9(2):121-7.,6 hour rule,反方超过6小时也行,6 hour rule?OR NOT,1993 Bednar and Parikh.3.4%vs 9%;82例开放性股骨/胫骨骨折2004 Ashford et al.11%vs 17%;48例开放性骨折(澳大利亚)2004 Spencer et al.10.1%vs 10.9%;142例开放性骨折(英国)2003 Pollack et al.315例开放性骨折2005 Skaggs et al.554例儿童开放性骨折,Bednar DA,Parikh J.Effect of time de
20、lay from injury to primary management on the incidence of deep infection after open fractures of the lower extremities caused by blunt trauma in adults.J Orthop Trauma.1993;7:532-5.Ashford RU,Mehta JA,Cripps R.Delayed presentation is no barrier to satisfactory outcome in the management of open tibia
21、l fractures.Injury.2004;35:411-6.Spencer J,Smith A,Woods D.The effect of time delay on infection in open long-bone fractures:a 5-year prospective audit from a district general hospital.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2004;86:108-12.Pollack AN,Castillo RC,Jones AL,Bosse MJ,MacKenzie EJ,and the LEAP Study Group.
22、Time to definitive treatment significantly influences incidence of infection after open high-energy lower-extremity trauma.Read at the Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association;2003 Oct 9-11;Salt Lake City,UT.Skaggs DL,Friend L,Alman B,Chambers HG,Schmitz M,Leake B,Kay RM,Flynn JM.“The Ef
23、fect of Surgical Delay on Acute Infection Following 554 Open Fractures in Children.”JBJS-A 2005.87:8-12,清创时限 6 hr VS.6 hr,No significant difference before or after 6 hours!,与清创时间相比,更重要的是:清创彻底与否软组织覆盖时间2005 Skaggs et al.若10pm后,留待上午清创,或24小时内清创除非合并.神经血管危象严重软组织污染骨筋膜室综合征,Okike K,Bhattacharyya T:Trends in
24、the management of open fractures.A critical analysis.J Bone Joint Surg.2006 Dec;88(12):2739-48.Werner CM,Pierpont Y,Pollak AN:The urgency of surgical dbridement in the management of open fractures.J Am Acad Orthop Surg.2008 Jul;16(7):369-75.Stewart DJ,Kay RM,Skaggs DL:Open Fractures in Children.Prin
25、ciples of Evaluation and Management.JBJS-A.2005;87:2784-2798.,清创时限 6 hr VS.6 hr,Within 24 hours!,1988 Orcutt et al.50例,1&2度开放性骨折;清创与否,无显著差异,但是非手术治疗组,感染率更低(3%vs 6%)非手术治疗组,骨折延迟愈合更少(10%vs 16%)2003 Yang et al.91例,1度开放性骨折,均未清创/冲洗感染率:0%,所有开放性骨折都需要清创吗?,Orcutt S,Kilgus D,Ziner D.The treatment of low-grade o
26、pen fractures without operative debridement.Read at the Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association;1988 Oct 28;Dallas,TX.Yang EC,Eisler J.“Treatment of Isolated Type 1 Open Fractures:Is Emergent Operative Debridement Necessary?”Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003.410:289-294.,彻底清创是所有类型开放骨折的标准治疗方式!尽
27、管对于低度开放性骨折而言,标准清创术的帮助可能不大,但清创术仍是正确损伤分类的基础!不探查、不清创,风险远远大于得益!,所有开放性骨折都需要清创吗?,Okike K,Bhattacharyya T:Trends in the management of open fractures.A critical analysis.J Bone Joint Surg Am.2006 Dec;88(12):2739-48.,Okike K指出(2006),彻底清创是所有类型开放骨折的标准治疗方式!尽管对于低度开放性骨折而言,标准清创术的帮助可能不大,但清创术仍是正确损伤分类的基础!不探查、不清创,风险远远
28、大于得益!,所有开放性骨折都需要清创吗?,Okike K,Bhattacharyya T:Trends in the management of open fractures.A critical analysis.J Bone Joint Surg Am.2006 Dec;88(12):2739-48.,Okike K指出(2006),彻底清创是所有类型开放性骨折的标准治疗方式!,“D&I”not“I&D”!,急诊手术,首次清创极为重要目的清除所有异物切除所有失活组织减少细菌数量将创口变为清洁、有活力的伤口,清创术,Our most common judgement error has be
29、en the delayed excision of nonviable bone”,骨清创,Chapman and Olson,Fractures,Ed 4,1996.,骨清创原则,去除所有小至中等大小的游离骨块保留较大的关节骨块大的游离皮质骨块保留感染率:21%去除感染率:9%Edwards 推荐:可先予保留,有利于恢复肢体长度、对线,并防止旋转;然而,一旦感染,则在清创时必须去除,死骨(Dead bone)坏死肌肉(Dead muscle)死腔(Dead space)重复清创?如果必要,2448小时后重复清创,清创原则,避免“3Ds”,液体量?灌洗方式高压 or 低压脉冲式 or 持续灌
30、洗何种液体消毒剂抗生素溶液洗涤剂生理盐水,伤口灌洗,液体量无共识,越多越好Anglen推荐:1度:3L(3L袋,1袋)2度:6L(3L袋,2袋)3度:9L(3L袋,3袋)灌洗方式常规冲洗,非脉冲式脉冲式:增加组织损伤污染带入深部,伤口灌洗,3L袋,何种液体抗生素溶液增加费用产生耐药伤口愈合问题过敏反应,伤口灌洗,与非消毒表面活性剂(肥皂)比较,抗生素溶液无优势!,第一次冲洗、高度污染 表面活性剂(肥皂液)清洁伤口冲洗(重复冲洗)生理盐水感染伤口 肥皂液,然后用抗生素溶液,Anglen 推荐,预 防 感 染,时机清创、灌洗、血管修复(必要时)完毕后依据骨折类型软组织损伤程度,合并损伤情况患者一般
31、状况,骨折固定,Gustilo I 型同闭合性骨折疗效与闭合性骨折相似,骨折固定,Gustilo II&III 型骨折粉碎、不稳定,常需手术固定重建骨骼长度、对线,并纠正旋转有利于软组织修复、骨折愈合减少死腔及血肿体积降低炎性反应减少渗出及组织水肿有利于组织再血管化,骨折固定,适应症开放性上臂、前臂开放性骨干骨折开放性关节内骨折不推荐开放性下肢骨干骨折,接骨板固定,Bach AW,Hansen ST Jr.:Plates versus external fixation in severe open tibial shaft fractures.A randomized trial.Clin
32、Orthop Relat Res.1989 Apr;(241):89-94.,适应症下肢大部分骨干骨折优点不加重软组织损伤保留骨膜血供缺点损伤骨内膜血供手术时间长于外固定架固定,髓内钉固定,Finkemeier CG,Schmidt AH,Kyle RF,Templeman DC,Varecka TF:A prospective,randomized study of intramedullary nails inserted with and without reaming for the treatment of open and closed fractures of the tibia
33、l shaft.J Orthop Trauma.2000 Mar-Apr;14(3):187-93.,实心髓内钉感染风险低于空心髓内钉然而,扩髓后,髓内钉内固定更稳定比较扩髓和不扩髓两种方式髓内钉固定治疗胫骨开放性骨折发现:疗效及并发症方面,均无显著差异,髓内钉固定 扩髓 or 不扩髓,Melcher GA,Claudi B,Schlegel U,Perren SM,Printzen G,Munzinger J.Influence of type of medullary nail on the development of local infection.An experimental st
34、udy of solid and slotted nails in rabbits;.J Bone Joint Surg Br.1994 Nov;76(6):955-9.Keating JF,OBrien PJ,Blachut PA,Meek RN,Broekhuyse HM:Locking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for open fractures of the tibial shaft.A prospective,randomized study.J Bone Joint Surg Am.1997 Mar;79(3)
35、:334-41.Finkemeier CG,Schmidt AH,Kyle RF,Templeman DC,Varecka TF:A prospective,randomized study of intramedullary nails inserted with and without reaming for the treatment of open and closed fractures of the tibial shaft.J Orthop Trauma.2000 Mar-Apr;14(3):187-93.,Keatinget al.1997Finkemeier et al.20
36、00,适应症污染较重,软组织损伤广泛不适用于髓内钉固定环形外固定架可用于开放性关节周围骨折联合有限内固定,用于关节内开放性骨折临时固定,拟二期转换为内固定,外固定架固定,优点操作简便、快速相对稳定的固定不加重骨损伤便于创面处理,外固定架固定,缺点钉道感染、松动对线不良延迟愈合依从性差,外固定架固定时限28d 28d外固定架固定更换内固定“safety interval”14d14d,外固定架固定更换内固定时机,Ueno M,Yokoyama K,Nakamura K,chino M,Suzuki T,Itoman M:Early unreamed intramedullary nailing
37、without a safety interval and simultaneous flap coverage following external fixation in type IIIB open tibial fractures:A report of four successful cases.Injury 2006;37:289-294.,感染率增加 p0.05%,感染率下降 p0.01%,预 防 感 染,创面闭合,回顾性研究 5年随访296例开放性骨折其中,III度占24%255例一期闭合创口,结果:表浅感染:11%深部感染:4.7%,Moola et al.2014,41例二
38、期闭合创口,结果:表浅感染:12.2%深部感染:12.2%,创面闭合,回顾性研究 5年随访296例开放性骨折其中,III度占24%255例一期闭合创口,结果:表浅感染:11%深部感染:4.7%,Moola et al.2014,41例二期闭合创口,结果:表浅感染:12.2%深部感染:12.2%,创面闭合,一期创面闭合的相对禁忌症清创不彻底污染严重农场伤或伤口淡水浸渍延迟处理 12 hr抗生素延迟应用患者全身状况不佳,Patzakis MJ,Bains RS,Lee J,et al.“Prospective,randomized,double-blind study comparing sing
39、le-agent antibiotic therapy,ciprofloxacin,to combination antibiotic therapy in open fracture wounds.”JOT 2000.14:529-533.Gopal S,Majumder S,Batchelor A,Knight S,De Boer P,Smith RM.“Fix and flap:the radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia.”JBJS-B 2000.82(7):959
40、 966.Hohmann E,Comparison of delayed and primary wound closure in the treatment of open tibial fractures.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2007,创面闭合,处理方法湿 或 干 敷料半透膜抗生素骨水泥珠链VAC(持续负压闭合伤口),Webb LX:New techniques in wound management:vacuum-assisted wound closure.J Am Acad Orthop Surg.2002 Sep-Oct;10(5):303-11.Ded
41、mond BT,Kortesis B,Punger K,Simpson J,Argenta A,Kulp B,Morykwas M,Webb L.“The use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the Temporary Treatment of Soft Tissue Injuries associated with High Energy Open Tibial Shaft Fractures.”JOT.2007Ostermann PA,Local antibiotic therapy for severe open fractures:A r
42、eview of 1085 consecutive cases.J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995,开放骨折治疗方案,软组织比骨更重要!,充分考虑软组织条件选择合理的治疗方案,同样的骨折,选择不同的治疗方法,结果大不相同,充分考虑软组织条件选择合理的治疗方案,钢板内固定,外固定架,结果大不相同 一定要重视软组织的损伤程度,创口闭合方式,I 度开放性骨折,IIIb 开放性骨折,II/IIIa 开放性骨折,Unfortunately it requires more judgement and courage to do a primary amputation than it d
43、oes to salvage the limb of a patient with a severe open tibia fracture.”,截肢术,Heatley,BMJ,1988,截肢术,Langes绝对指征:热缺血时间 6 hr胫神经断裂,不可修复,MESS,截肢指征:7分,特殊问题,骨缺损的处理,骨缺损 紧急处理,外固定抗生素骨水泥珠链软组织覆盖消毒、回植?,骨缺损 二期处理,自体骨移植松质骨皮质骨带血管骨移植同种异体骨移植松质骨皮质骨DBM,牵引成骨骨搬运挽救性手术骨缩短术,Case 徐XX 男 19 岁,2012.3.6 树上摔落,右胫腓骨开放骨折 II 度,当地急诊行切开复位
44、钢板内固定术,上海第九人民医院唐坚教授提供病例,术后10天,伤口流脓并发烧,转入DUKE医学中心清创去除内固定,感染控制后一周内固定(髓内钉+钢板)+抗生素骨水泥背阔肌肌瓣转移术,游离植皮回国后门诊随访,3次手术,30万美金,术后三个月X线片,门诊随访,2012.7.9,门诊随访,腓骨伤口红肿、渗出,2012.10.10入院,抗生素治疗后伤口破溃细菌培养:金葡菌,去除腓骨钢板,VSD,去除腓骨死骨,回家换药,CT见胫骨骨不连、死骨,去除胫骨死骨骨水泥钢板髓内钉,2013.3.5,2013.3.5,骨搬运术,抗生素人工骨,Three weeks,Two months,three months,拆
45、除外固定支架,石膏固定,腓骨伤口再次破溃清创单边外固定支架,腓骨伤口愈合拆除外固定石膏固定,接骨板固定,万古霉素+自体骨颗粒+自体骨髓富集干细胞,闭合伤口,骨折愈合,开放性胫骨骨折治疗方案备注:ATLS:高级创伤与生命支持BMP-2:骨形态发生蛋白2NPWT:创面负压疗法,JBJS开放性骨折治疗最新指南,1.伤后6小时清创,不一定增加术后感染率2.开放性骨折3小时内应尽早抗生素3.开放性胫骨骨折推荐使用髓内钉治疗4.髓内钉的扩髓与非扩髓,目前尚无明确结论5.IIIA、IIIB型严重污染的骨折伴严重骨缺损时,推荐外固定治疗6.开放性骨折宜早期闭合创面,Raman Mundi.et al.JBJS
46、 Reviews.2015,3(2):1-7,骨折固定方式的选择需考虑2个条件,Melvin JS.et al.J Am Acad Orthop Surg,2010,18:10-19,同时满足2个条件:一期内固定满足1个条件:临时外固定,择期更换内固定2个条件都不满足:外固定,骨折固定方式的选择,Rockwood and Greenes fractures in adults.6th ed.Bhandari MGH,et al.JBJS(Br),2001,83:62-68.Clasper JC,et al.J Orthop Trauma,2005,19:140-144.British Orth
47、opaedic Association:Standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb.,、型(内固定)型(内固定或外固定)良好软组织覆盖 污染轻 软组织覆盖延迟 污染重 复杂骨折,内固定,外固定架,Bhandari MGH,et al.J Orthop Trauma,2005,19:140-144.Bhandari MGH,et al.JBJS(Br),2001,83:62-68.Clasper JC,et al.JInjury,2001,32:337-381.British Orthopaedic Association:Standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb.,前 提:钉道无感染、软组织条件良好 英国创伤指南:7 天;建议不超过28天 专家建议:14天内更换内固定 已存在针道感染:更换终末型外固定架,外固定转换为内固定时机选择,小结,一期内固定:同时满足 彻底清创+一期覆盖创面合并多发伤:损伤控制(DCO),先行外固定,更换内固定更 换 时 机:外固定术后2周内更 换 前 提:钉道无感染、软组织条件良好开放骨折早期处理决定预后,Thanks for your attention!,