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1、2023/10/22,1,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2023/10/22,2,重点内容1.常用试验的临床意义:BT、PLT、APTT、PT、D-D等2.有关检查的临床应用,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2023/10/22,3,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,第一节 概 述,2023/10/22,4,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,一、止血机制(mechanism of haemo
2、stasis)(一)血管壁(二)血小板(三)凝血因子,2023/10/22,5,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,二、凝血机制(mechanism of coagulation)1.凝血因子(coagulation factors)2.凝血因子止血作用 内凝(intrinsic coagulation pathway)外凝(extrinsic coagulation pathway)共同途径(common coagulation pathway)内、外凝血途径不能截然分开,有交叉。,2023/10/22,6,Tests of thrombus
3、and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,7,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,8,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,9,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,10,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,三、抗凝血机制(mechanism of anticoagulation)(一)体液抗凝 1.抗凝血酶III(
4、antithrombin III,AT-III)2.蛋白C(protein c,PC)系统 蛋白S(protein s,PS)系统(二)细胞抗凝 单核-巨噬细胞系统、肝细胞(吞噬、清除或摄取、灭活),2023/10/22,11,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,四、纤维蛋白溶解系统(Fibrinolytic system):溶解血凝块,组成:纤溶酶(原):plasminogen被激活成plasmin才能发挥作用。纤溶酶原激活物:t-PA、u-PA纤溶抑制物:2-抗纤溶酶,2023/10/22,12,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thromb
5、us and haemostasis,第二节 血栓与止血常用试验 P132,2023/10/22,13,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,检查目的标本采集检查项目,2023/10/22,14,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,检查目的1.止凝血障碍疾病的诊断;2.抗凝治疗监测3.溶栓治疗效果判断4.术前检查,2023/10/22,15,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,标本采集一、病人准备:药物影响。抗凝药、抗血小板药、溶栓防栓药,如APC、避孕
6、药。二、抗凝:抗凝剂:109mmol/L枸橼酸钠1:9 试管:真空抗凝管、塑料试管 HCT影响(0.35、0.55):V血液=V抗凝剂9()/(1.0-HCT)三、注意事项:采血顺利、混匀充分;立即送检,2h完成。,2023/10/22,16,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,一、出血时间测定(blooding time,BT)P132Principle 将皮肤刺破后,血液自然流出 到自然停止所需的时间。影响因素:,1.血小板的数量和质量,2.血管壁完整性,2023/10/22,17,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and
7、haemostasis,Reference range TBT(template bleeding time)法 6.92.1 min 超过9min为异常,2023/10/22,18,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance 1.BT延长:血小板异常(数量或质量):血小板减少性紫癜、DIC后期、脾大、血小板无力症 血管壁异常:遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症等 凝血因子严重减少:DIC,血管性血友病(von Willebrand disease,vWD)药物:2.BT缩短:意义不大。敏感度、特异性均差,创伤性。高度
8、怀疑血管因素异常时才做!,2023/10/22,19,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,二、毛细血管抵抗力试验(Capillary resistance test,CRT)毛细血管脆性试验(Capillary Fragility Test,CFT)束臂试验(Tourniquet test)Principle:对毛细血管施加压力,观察血管壁有无新出血点。影响因素:,1.血管壁,2.血小板,3.血浆vWF(von Willebrand factor),2023/10/22,20,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血
9、栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,21,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,CRT(capillary resistance test),2023/10/22,22,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2023/10/22,23,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range 男5个 女、儿童10个,2023/10/22,24,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical s
10、ignificance 阳性见于1.血管壁异常:遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症、过敏性紫癜、VitC缺乏等2.血小板异常(数量或质量):血小板减少性紫癜、DIC后期、脾大、血小板增多症、血小板无力症3.血管性血友病(von Willebrand disease,vWD)4.少数正常人,尤其是妇女可呈阳性。,2023/10/22,25,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,三、血块收缩试验 p132(clot retraction test,CRT)Principle 血小板收缩蛋白使血块收缩、血清析出,可反映血小板血块收缩的能力。,2023/10/22
11、,26,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,血清析出,CRT(clot retraction test),2023/10/22,27,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance1.收缩不良或不收缩 血小板减少、血小板功能异常;纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原严重减少;红细胞增多症。2.过度收缩 严重贫血。,Reference Ranges 40%(定量法)2h开始收缩,1824h完全收缩,2023/10/22,28,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and
12、haemostasis,四、凝血时间测定(clotting time,CT)p133Difinition:自采血开始至血凝所需时间。,内凝的筛选试验,2023/10/22,29,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,30,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range 玻璃试管法 412 min 硅管法 1532 min 塑料试管法 1019 min,2023/10/22,31,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis
13、,Clinical significance 1CT延长、和,部分VWD等。、V、X严重缺乏,如肝病,维生素K缺乏。抗凝物质:口服抗凝剂、血中存在病理性抗凝物质等。纤溶活性增强。,2.CT缩短 高凝状态,如DIC的高凝期。敏感性差!,2023/10/22,32,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,五、活化部分凝血活酶时间测定 p133(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)Principle,白陶土(接触因子激活剂)部分凝血活酶(脑磷脂)Ca2+,血浆,凝固时间,反映内凝的筛选试验,2023/10/
14、22,33,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range 3243s 受检者较正常对照值延长10s以上才有意义。,2023/10/22,34,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance 1同CT测定。但较敏感,能检出:C小于25的轻型血友病,是目前推荐应用的内凝的筛选试验。2监测肝素治疗的首选指标:以维持结果为基础值的2倍左右为宜。,2023/10/22,35,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis
15、,六、血浆凝血酶原时间测定 p133(prothrombin time,PT)Principle 影响因素:血浆中因子、,组织凝血活酶(含TF)Ca2+,血浆,凝固时间,外凝常用的筛选试验,2023/10/22,36,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,37,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range1.凝血酶原时间(PT)平均值为(121)s,超过正常对照值3s为异常2.凝血酶原时间比值(prothrombin ratio,PTR)PTR=PT受检/P
16、T对照 参考值为0.821.153.国际正常化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)(WHO规定口服抗凝剂患者的报告方式)INR=PTR ISI,参考值为1.00.1,2023/10/22,38,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance1PT延长 先天性凝血因子I、缺乏;获得性缺乏,如严重肝病、维生素K缺乏、DIC晚期 口服抗凝剂、异常抗凝物等。2PT缩短 DIC早期,心肌梗死、脑血栓,不敏感。3INR是用于监测口服抗凝药的首选指标 以INR为2.02.5为宜。,2023
17、/10/22,39,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,七、血浆凝血酶时间测定(thrombin time,TT)p134Principle 在待检血浆中加入标准化的凝血酶溶液后,血浆凝固所需时间。,共同途径是否存在抗凝或纤溶亢进,2023/10/22,40,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,41,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range手工法1618s,超过正常对照3s以上为异常,2023/10/22
18、,42,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance1TT延长DIC后期低(无)Fg血症。肝素或肝素类抗凝物质存在2用链激酶,尿激酶作溶栓治疗时,可用TT作为监护指标,以控制在正常值的25倍为宜。,2023/10/22,43,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,八、血浆纤维蛋白原测定(fibrinogen,Fg)p134,Reference range 24g/LClinical significance 1.增高 多种炎症、坏死(Fg是急性时相蛋白)2.减低 原发
19、性Fg减少、原发纤溶、DIC晚期、重症肝病等,2023/10/22,44,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,九、血浆纤维蛋白(原)降解产物测定 P134-135Fibrin(fibrinogen)degradation products,FDPs,Reference range 5mg/LClinical significance FDP增高:原发性纤溶症、DIC、溶栓治疗等。,2023/10/22,45,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,纤维蛋白(原)降解产物 FDP,2023/10/22,4
20、6,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,十、血浆D-二聚体测定(D-dimer)P146,Reference ranges 胶乳凝集试验 阴性 ELISA法 400g/LClinical significance1.增高:继发性纤溶、血栓性疾病(原发性与继发性纤溶的鉴别)阴性可排除血栓形成。2.溶栓治疗的监测 D-D显著升高。,2023/10/22,47,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,第三节 血栓与止血检查的临床应用 P146,2023/10/22,48,血栓和止血检查,Tests of th
21、rombus and haemostasis,一、血栓与止血检查的一般步骤 筛选试验 确诊试验,2023/10/22,49,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,(一)The screening tests of thrombus and haemostasis,1.Tests of stage(caused by abnormal vascular and platelet),BT,PLT,2.Tests of stage(caused by the deficiencies of coagulation factors or anticoagu
22、lation substances),APTT,PT,3.Fibrinolysis sydrome,FDP,D-D,4.Tests for monitoring anticoagulants therapy,APTT,PT,2023/10/22,50,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血小板数量增加 原发性血小板增多症 vWF减少,vWD凝血因子缺乏单纯血管通透性和 过敏性紫癜脆性增加所致的血管性紫癜 原发性血小板血小板数量减少 减少性紫癜,疾病,试验结果,病因,2023/10/22,51,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus a
23、nd haemostasis,DIC肝病血友病(A、B、F缺乏)获得性因子缺乏,APTT PTAPTT PTAPTT PT,内凝异常,外凝异常,共同途径异常,试验结果,疾病,2023/10/22,52,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,(二)血栓与止血检查的确诊试验(Confirmed diagnosis tests)1.血管病变:vWF等。2.血小板检查:数量、粘附、聚集试验3.凝血因子测定:纠正试验、直接测某种凝血因子4.纤溶活性过度测定:原发性和继发性,2023/10/22,53,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and
24、 haemostasis,二、弥散性血管内凝血 p151(Dissenminated intervascular coagulation,DIC)DIC 的发病主要机制:诱因:各种感染、恶性肿瘤、病理产科、大手术、广泛创伤等症状:弥散性微血栓(高凝期)出血(继发低凝、纤溶亢进)诊断:依靠临床结合实验室检查,2023/10/22,54,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,1.DIC筛选试验(1)PLT100109/L或进行性下降(2)Fg1.5g/L或进行性下降(3)PT、APTT缩短或延长(周围血破碎红细胞大于2%)。,2023/10/22,55,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2.DIC确证试验(1)TT 正常对照3秒或进行性延长(2)FDP20mg/L并进行性增高(3)D-D 2000g/L,阳性率95%,