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1、记叙文、说明文、议论文的写作,记叙文,叙述人物经历(写人)叙述事物的发展变化过程(写事)记叙文的“六大要素”时间（when)有无具体时间？地点（where)有无地点变化？人物（who）何人参与，谁是主角？事件（what）发生了什么，有何特点？原因（why）事件的起因？结果（how）事件的经过及结局？,1988年6月考试：An Early Morning Walk2003年6月考试：An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident,例文,要求：根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：用第一人称；短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilomete
2、rs an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction写出作者对此交通意外的感想。,Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck,driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting
3、dark.,Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasnt paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.,The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately
4、I did not hit her,but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child,I thought to myself.,通过事实客观地解释或说明事物本身历年四级考题：How I overcome Difficulties in Learning English;My Ideal Job写作思路：围绕说
5、明顺序（时间、空间、逻辑或认识顺序）、事物的特点和细节展开。,说明文,说明文的种类,举例说明文（考试中易出现此类题目）:说明某一抽象的论点知识性说明文：提供知识和信息对比说明文：说明某事物在不同情况下的差异，或某事物与同类事物或不同类事物的差异。定义说明文：给事物的性质和特点下定义。,举例说明文,通过举例来说明某一抽象的论点，或使读者明白某一事理。写作时要选择合适的、充分的事例来就文章开头所提出的某一论点或某一事理进行解释和说明，所选的例子一定不能偏离主题。如在例文“Practice makes perfect”中，作者用英语学习和其他一些事例说明了“熟能生巧”这一道理。,Practice M
6、akes Perfect,1.怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2.例如：在英语学习中3.又如,The famous saying“Practice makes perfect”is widely accepted today.It means if we practice unfamiliar things again and again,well be able to perform it perfectly.The practice of learning English is a good example.We are not living in an English speaking count
7、ry.So,in order to learn it well,we need extra practice,such as reading English books,going to English corners,or communicating with foreigners.Only sitting at the desk cannot lead to the mastery of English.,As another example,if we want to be skilled in using the computer,we also need to practice us
8、ing it.Some children become little experts in computer,just because they play with it everyday.On the contrary,if we just stick to books,we will still feel confused when using computers.Judging from the evidence offered,we might safely draw the conclusion that practice makes perfect.,例文：How to Lose
9、Weight,思路：第一段：综述现象：大家都想保持身材要求减肥第二段：介绍多余的体重在身体中形成的原因第三段：提出相应的减肥方法第四段：提出总结性的看法，指出减肥的要诀,Sample:How to Lose Weight,A beautiful and healthy figure is everyones dream.However,not everyone can easily fulfill this dream.Overweight people often have to find precise ways to los weight.,For normal healthy peop
10、le,weight is gained by taking in more calories than the body needs.Therefore,if you want to lose weight,you either have to eat fewer calories or find ways to use up more calories you take in.Dieting is probably the most popular way of losing weight,because when on a diet,you are taking fewer calorie
11、s.,However,the body needs many elements in order to stay healthy,and starvation diets is bad because it is not balanced.A better way of dieting is to keep track of everything you eat,either by your own careful choices or by buying the packaged meals sold by some diet companies.If you don not normall
12、y exercise,you should also begin sensible exercises to help your body use up surplus calories.,In short,a combined effort of reducing the calories you eat and using up more calories than usual through exercise should help you shed off part of your body.,论说文,论说文在某种程度上与说明文有一定的关联。说明文只是客观地解释事物、观点、方法等；论说
13、文是带有说服目的地说明文，着重于说服读者、论证某种观点的正确，使读者接受自己的观点。可以简单地说，说明文并不总有议论，但是论说文中肯定总有说明。论说文种类：分析性论说文；批驳性论说文例文及模板,分析性论说文写作方法,（1）用具体数据说明XX现象 What？（2）原因一 Why？（3）原因二（4）原因三（5）指出主要原因(或造成的影响)（6）解决建议一 How？（7）解决建议二,模板：,Nowadays,there are more and more XX in some big cities.It is estimated that(1).Why have there been so many
14、 XX?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(2).Besides,(3).The third reason is(4).To sum up,the main cause of XX is due to(5).It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing,(6).On the other hand,(7).All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX.,范
15、文：Generation Gap between Parents and Children,Nowadays,there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so-called generation gap.It is estimated that(75 percentages of parents often complain their childrens unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parent
16、s too old fashioned).Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(the two generations,having grown up at different times,have different likes and dislikes,thus the disagreement often rises between them).Bes
17、ides(due to having little in common to talk about,they are not willing to sit face to face).The third reason is(with the pace of modern life becoming faster and faster,both of them are so busy with their work or study that they dont spare enough time to exchange ideas).To sum up,the main cause of ge
18、neration gap is due to(lack of communication and understanding each other).,续:,It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing(children should respect their parents).On the other hand,(parents also should show solicitude for their children).All these measures will certainly bridge the
19、 generation gap.,操练：,The Effects of Exercise on Our Health1.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处。（分析某事物的正面效应）2.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处。（分析某事物的负面效应）3.给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议。（给出怎样对待该事物的建议）,Students Writing（1）,The Effects of Exercise on Our Health Health is wealth is a popular saying in English.If you become sick,you cant go on with your stu
20、dy or work.So its important to keep you healthy.There are some ways to be healthy.Firstly,you should do some exercise that can strengthen your body.Secondly,you should have some good habits such as getting up early.Thirdly,you should pay more attention to your health.If you are sick,youd better see
21、a doctor.In a word,nothing is more important than health.Having good health,a student may absorb more knowledge and solve more problems.Also,you can do more other things.,Students Writing（2）,The Effects of Exercise on Our Health Good health is very important to everyone.A healthy person can always b
22、e energetic and enjoy life whatever things may be.Exercise helps everyone to keep healthy.Physical exercise can increase the circulation of blood,and thus more oxygen is taken into the body.In addition,physical exercise can increase appetite and digestion.Exercise can also make our minds sound.While
23、 exercising we take our minds off work or study.As a result,our minds are relaxed.Since exercise can result in good health,we should indulge in exercise for a while everyday no matter how busy we are.,students Writing(3),The Effects of Exercise on Our Health Doing exercise is very important to our h
24、ealth.But the effects of exercise on our health are different.Doing exercise has good effects on our health.For example,it is very good to walk slowly after meals because it will promote digestion.And doing morning exercises is good for our lungs and our breath.Also,doing some moderate exercise can
25、bring good feelings for you and lighten your work strain.In contrast,if you walk fast immediately after meals,it will cause stomach-ache.Furthermore,doing irregular exercise is bad for our bodies.In short,because of its good effects on our health,we should do moderate exercise in our daily life.,范文：
26、The Effects of Exercise on Our Health,As is known to all,exercise does bring a lot of benefits to our health.First,it can greatly strengthen our hearts,lungs,bones and muscles,thereby changing our whole health for the better.Besides,it can make our brains better able to react to what is going on aro
27、und us.And best of all,it can help us breed optimism about our tough life.But all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the negative effects exercise brings about.If you are normally inactive and then,contrary to your usual habit,start a program of undue exercise,as a succession of
28、 scientific studies reveals,there are more chances that you have yourself injured.In addition,the more exercise those on a fat-reducing diet take,the more loss of iron they will suffer and the worse their health will get.And worst of all,continual as well as excessive exercise can result in sudden d
29、eath.Therefore,a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of exercise.On the one hand,our physical exercise must be based on both progressiveness and regularity.On the other hand,we must go in for physical exercise according to local as well as health conditions of our own.In sum,exercise
30、can do us good or harm,all depending on how we make use of it.,模板：,As is known to all,sth.does bring a lot of benefits to sb./sth.else.First,it can greatly strengthen,thereby changing for the better.(正面分析I)Besides,it can make sb./sth.else better able to(正面分析II)And best of all,it can help sb.(正面分析III
31、)But all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the negative effects sth.brings about.If,as a succession of scientific studies reveals,there are more chances that(负面分析I)In addition,the more.,the worse.(负面分析II)And worst of all,(负面分析III)Therefore,a scientific approach must be adopted
32、to the problem of sth.On the one hand,(建议I)On the other hand,.(建议II)In sum,sth.can do sb./sth.else good or harm,all depending on(结论句),批驳性论说文,批驳性论说文在各类试题中多是给出一些有争议的观点或做法，由考生对其进行分析、评论和驳斥，目的是为了得出正确的结论或者给出问题的解决方法。例如：Is Failure a Bad Thing?(1992年1月四级作文题)/Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?(1998年6月四级
33、作文题)/Can Money Buy Happiness?(1996年1月四级作文题)/Reading Selectively or Extensively?(1996年6月四级作文题),例1 Does Lottery Really Bring Us Luck?,Nowadays,many people are enthusiastic about buying all kinds of lottery tickets.The purpose of them is to realize their dreams of becoming rich.However,some people dont
34、 agree on this activity.They think trying luck on lottery is harmful.They believe that such practice is likely to make people expect good luck rather than hard work to achieve their goals.I believe that it is a meaningful thing.It does more good than harm to our society.First,the money collected can
35、 be used to help poor and the needed.Second,the accumulated money will be helpful to promote our welfare and make contribution to the whole society.Moreover if you are lucky enough,you may be rewarded.So I favor lottery tickets,if I have some money,Ill buy them.作者在第一段提出了人们对彩票的两种不同观点，接下来在正文部分提出自己的观点，
36、并阐述了自己之所以坚持这一观点的原因。,论说文万能框架,Because of the rapid social development,the number of people whohas greatly increased/decreased.It is generally believed that plays an important role in modern society.Due attention has to be paid to the issue of.With the reform and openingup in recent years，people in inc
37、reasing numbers have come to realize the importance of.If we let this situation go as it is,we do not know where humans will be in the near future.Therefore,it is necessary for us to take drastic measures.To begin with,we should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to control.In addition,we
38、 should enhance the awareness of people that is vital to us.Only in this way can we solve this problem.,议论文,四级考试中最常出现的文体通常采用摆事实讲道理的方式，围绕某一个有争议的观点展开谁陈述各种理由，表明作者立场、阐明作者观点看法。在文章中要明确表明赞成什么、反对什么，用词不能模棱两可，必有明确肯定。,中心统一,汉语议论文：表扬一件事物或一种现象的时候，总要指出其不足；同样，在批评一件事物或一种现象的同时，也总不忘记指出其也有合理之处。这不符合英语议论文的写作习惯，因为如果作者告诉大家
39、两面都有道理也就等于说两面都没有道理。遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯：表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支持；表示反对就彻彻底底地反对，而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。否则就会造成“中心不统一”。（如：下文的观点如果是“幸运数字是既有道理又无道理的”就无法让人接受）,Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck？（14分范文）,Some people think that certian(拼写错误)numbers will bring good luck to them.Numbers such as six,eight,sixteen and eighteen are
40、regarded as lucky numbers.There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.,However,some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck.They believe in their own rather than“lucky numbers”.They dont do things according to certain numbers.As far as I am
41、concerned,I think it is a persons own business whether he believes in a certain number or not.The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well.As to the belief in numbers,it is their(前后指代不一致，应改为his)personal choice.,议论文三要素：,论点：鲜明论据：合理、恰当、充分论证（过程）：逻辑严密,英语议论文共
42、有三大特点：,1、观点鲜明的开头；2、紧扣主题的结尾；3、有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落（段落的主题句一定要放在段首）。这样的要求被很多学生以为是“老土”而得不到足够的重视。后果就是中心分散、观点不明确，加上中国学生普遍英文表达能力不强，这些因素就为整篇文章的失败埋下了隐患。,段落的组成：,主题句 topic sentence扩展句 supporting sentence结论句 concluding sentence,主题句,段落的核心特点：一般位于句首一般是简单句 试比较：Peoples view on the holiday economy varies from person to pe
43、rson It is well known that holidays are important for us and concerning the holiday economy,different people have different opinions.,3.一般是议论句，提出自己的观点（topic）对比：Twenty students attended the schools Christmas party.（陈述事实）The schools Christmas party is a bore as usual.（提出观点）4.观点要具体，不要大而空 对比：Bikes are v
44、ery important.Bikes have brought a lot of convenience to our daily lives.,5.主题句也可无观点，而是说明将分几个方面对主题展开讨论 如：People have been trying to solve this problem in the following 3 ways:,扩展句,以主题句为中心，展开段落、扩展内容要求：内容详实、简明扼要、表达清楚、说服力强,扩展句的特点,一般为长句例：Private cars benefit both individuals and the nation.（主题句）It is ve
45、ry convenient for people to drive to work,study and do many other things.By encouraging people to buy cars,the nation can stimulate consumption and domestic demand,and enhance the national economy.,2.要有具体的facts去支持主题句的观点。方法有：理论论证、事实论证、举例论证、数据论证、解释说明。注意：一定要言之有物例：It is well known that“practice Makes Pe
46、rfect.”So if you do not practice a lot,how can you grasp a skill?We have to practice if we want to do sth.perfectly.(没有对论点展开具体的阐述，只是翻来覆去地重复表达观点，是典型的空洞无物的句子。）,3.扩展句在说明主题句时要直接，不要为了凑字数而写一些与主题无关的句子，这样会显得文章杂乱无章。例：(Harmfulness of Fake Commodities)There are many causes for this social problem,but I think t
47、here are some main reasons.This does not mean other reasons are not very important.However,the main reasons lead to this issue.For one thing,producers can profit a lot by making fake commodities because the cost of producing fake commodities is much lower than the genuine articles.This is very harmf
48、ul.For another,salesmen and stores can also profit a lot by selling fake commodities.,4.正确使用连接词，做好扩展句和主题句之间及扩展句和扩展句之间的过度和衔接，使这些句子之间有逻辑性和连贯性。（根据四级评分校准，语言流畅、文章通顺是考生得高分的基础。）,结尾句,作用：总结段落中心思想，为段落收尾。特点：1.总结全文例：Above all,we should make painstaking efforts to be truthful about our personal information.(Abov
49、e all点明这是一个conclusion),2.首尾呼应例：(Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?)开头：A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the CET.Is it necessary to go to all the trouble to hold or take such a test?People differ in their answers.结尾：Therefore,the test of spoken English is neces
50、sary.,结尾句的两种写法：,再次表述主题(restatement)：用另外一种方式把主题再说一次。摘要总结(summary)：在结尾句中对各个主要支持句概括地总结一下。例：In short,New Years Eve is a special time that can be spent with friends,with family or even alone.(in summary,to summarize,in short,in a word,in brief,in conclusion,to conclude,all in all,as has been said,to sum
