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1、Part Three,Text Appreciation,ENTER,Text Appreciation,Text Analysis 1.Theme2.Structure3.General Analysis4.Further Questions on AppreciationII.Writing Devices 1.Metonymy 4.Hyperbole 2.Synecdoche 5.Simile 3.Irony 6.MetaphorIII.Sentence Paraphrase,Contents,Text Analysis,Thinking is not just for professi
2、onal thinkers like philosophers.It is something all educated people should enjoy doing,and it is considered one of the most precious qualities in young scholars for the healthy mental development.,The end of Theme.,Part 1(Paras.124)about:Part 2(Paras.2529)about:Part 3(Paras.3035)about:,Text Analysis
3、,How the subject of thinking was first brought up to the author and his understanding of the nature of“grade-three thinking”,The authors analysis of the nature of“grade-two thinking”,The end of Structure.,The authors understanding of the“grade-one thinking”and his desire for it,Text Analysis,Scan th
4、e text and list out the related information.,To be continued on the next page.,Venus,Leopard,Rodins Thinker,naked with nothing but a bath towel;no arms;in an unfortunate position,crouching;naked,naked,muscular,who sat,looking down;his chin on his fist and elbow on his knee,frozen in panic,worrying a
5、bout the towel,busying being beautiful,ready to spring down at the top drawer from the cupboard,utterly miserable;contemplate the hindquarters of the leopard in endless gloom,busy being natural,not miserable,an image of pure thought,Text Analysis,They represented the whole of life.The leopard stood
6、for all animal needs or desires;Venus stood for love and the Thinker stood for thinking as a uniquely human feature.An humorous and sarcastic effect has been achieved by the authors description of the statuettes,which established a background to support his later analysis of three grades of thinking
7、 and some human natures.,To be continued on the next page.,Question:What do the three statuettes symbolize?What effect do the boys descriptions have?,Text Analysis,To be continued on the next page.,Question:How did the author describe the following figures to demonstrate his analyses of different gr
8、ades of thinking?,Headmaster:nothing human in his eyes,no possibility of communication(not understand his students)Me,the boy:delinquent,not integrated,misunderstanding the symbolic meaning of the statuettes,couldnt thinkMr.Houghton:ruined by alcohol,preaching high-moral life but showing hypocritica
9、l and prejudiced natureA pious lady:who hated German with the proposition of loving enemies,Text Analysis,To be continued on the next page.,Ruth:foolish argument,illogical and fled at lastBritish Prime Minister:talking about the great benefit conferring on India by jailing Nehru and GandhiAmerican p
10、oliticians:talking about peace and refusing to join the League of NationsMe,the author:not easily stampede,detect contradiction;turned into a professional thinker,Question:How did the author describe the following figures to demonstrate his analyses of different grades of thinking?,Text Analysis,Gra
11、de-three,Grade-two,Grade-one,characteristics,examples,Ignorance,hypocrisy,prejudice,self-satisfied,contradictions,Mr.Houghton,nine tens of people,Detecting contradictions;do not stampede easily;lag behind,a withdrawal,destroy but not create,Ruth,the author,(maybe)some acquaintances,To find out what
12、is truth,based on a logical moral system,far and few between,only in books,thinking,The end of General Analysis.,1.What does the author mean when he say“I dropped my hobby and turned professional”?2.Why is the author much more conclusive and informative about grade-three and grade-two thinking than
13、about grade-one?What do you think grade-one thinking is?Have you got any indication from the essay?3.Give examples of Goldings wit.Does his sense of humor and the use of some writing devices help him achieve his purpose in this essay?Give some examples.,Text Analysis,The end of Text Analysis.,Writin
14、g Devices,In metonymy,an idea is evoked or named by means of term designating some associated notion.“It”stands for“thought”in grammar,but actually refers to Mr.Houghton,and it is vulgar to refer to a girl as a skirt.,It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twis
15、ted toward a skirt.(Para.23),Mr.Houghton,More examples,To be continued on the next page.,girls,Writing Devices,The burglar was in Sallys mind all day long.(burglar=some idea of the burglar)Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet.(Vote=election,bullet=military solutions)“Political power grow
16、s out of the barrel of a gun.”(Mao Zedong refers it to the military revolution)Bill Gates is the king of operating systems worldwide.(Bill Gates=Microsoft)The pen is mightier than the sword.(pen=writer;sword=fighter),Comparison,synecdoche,To be continued on the next page.,Writing Devices,To be conti
17、nued on the next page.,If we were counting heads,the Buddhists were the boys for my money.(Para.27)(head=person)There are two mouths to feed in my family.(mouth=person)God bless the hands that prepared this food.(hand=person),Writing Devices,To be continued on the next page.,Technically,it is about
18、as proficient as most businessmens golf,as honest as most politicians intentions,or as coherent as most books that get written.(Para.23)Mr.Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life,sexless and full of duty.(Para.20),Writing Devices,To be continued on the next page.,You could h
19、ear the wind,trapped in his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments.His body would reel with shock and his face go white at the unaccustomed visitation.He would stagger back to his desk and collapse there,useless for the rest of the morning.(Para.19),Writing Devices,To be continued o
20、n the next page.,They all came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree.(Para.31)Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill.(Para.24),Writing Devices,He seems to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck.(Para.20)It
21、 took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there,out of his depth.(Para.29),The end of Writing Devices.,Sentence Paraphrase 1,go to 2,I was not integrated,I was,if anything,disintegrated.(Para.4),Forming a part of a harmonious group,The direct opposite of“integrated”,and therefore m
22、eans some kind of trouble maker.This is not the the way the word is normally used.,on the contrary,More examples,To be continued on the next page.,Sentence Paraphrase,back to 1,if anythinga.如果有什么（区别）的话b.恰恰相反 I never had to clean up after him.If anything,he did most of the cleaning.Im not ashamed of
23、her.If anything,Im proud.,Sentence Paraphrase 2,go to 3,The muscular gentleman contemplated the hindquarters of the leopard in endless gloom.(Para.9),To think for a long time in order to understand better in a gloomy manner,The author expressed the boys viewing of the image of Thinker in a humorous
24、way to show that the thinking doesnt make any sense to him.,The teachers glasses caught the light and therefore the boy could not see the teachers eyes.He could not have any eye contact.He could have any communication with him.The implied meaning of this sentence is that they could not communicate,n
25、ot because of this but because of the teachers lack of understanding of the boy.,Sentence Paraphrase 3,go to 4,His spectacles caught the light so that you could see nothing human behind them.There was no possibility of communication.(Para.9),To have the light shine on it brightly and suddenly,Senten
26、ce Paraphrase 4,go to 5,On one occasion he headmaster leaped to his feet,reached up and put Rodins masterpiece on the desk before me.(Para.13),to jump up,To move a hand or arm upward in order to touch,hold,or pick up sth.Also:to reach sth.down;to reach out(for);to reach into,Three parallel verb phra
27、ses are used to describe the sequence of his actions.,More examples,to ones feet,To be continued on the next page.,Sentence Paraphrase,go back to 4,to leap to ones feetto rise to ones feetto struggle to ones feetto stagger to ones feetto help sb.to ones feetto pull sb.to his feet,一跃而起站起身来挣扎着站起来蹒跚而立扶
28、某人站起来把某人拉起来,to ones feet 站起来,Sentence Paraphrase 5,go to 6,Nature had endowed the rest of the human race with a sixth sense and left me out.(Para.15),A keen intuitive(直觉的)power.Here the author means the ability to think.,To provide sb.with a natural quality or talent,Everybody,except me,are born wit
29、h the ability to think.,Note the humorous effect achieved through the use of the exaggeration and formal style,Sentence Paraphrase 6,go to 7,The fresh air had to struggle with difficulty to find its way to his chest because he was unaccustomed to this.,He would stagger or be thrown off balance,Unabl
30、e to do anything for the rest of the morning,V-ed and V-ing as object complement,You could hear the wind,trapped in his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments.His body would reel with shock and his face go white at the unaccustomed visitation.He would stagger back to his desk and co
31、llapse there,useless for the rest of the morning.(Para.19),Sentence Paraphrase 7,go to 8,Mr.Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life,sexless and full of duty.(Para.20),To be habitually inclined to do(sth.):e.g.He is much given to blowing his own trumpet.She was given to hasty
32、 decision.,a highly moral speech,Obviously in Mr.Houghtons clean life,there is no place for alcoholic drink,sex,and other worldly pleasures.This is,of course,ironical.,The author is ridiculing the contradiction between his high moral tone and the working of his genes which compels him to turn his he
33、ad toward young girls.,Sentence Paraphrase 8,go to 9,Yet in the middle of these monologues,if a girl passed the window,his neck would turn of itself and he would watch her out of sight.In this instance,he seemed to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck.(Para
34、.20),To turn by itself;to turn on its own,Parallel structure of two prepositional phrases to show the contrast,Metaphor:his sexual impulse,Sentence Paraphrase 9,go to 10,Technically,it is about as proficient as most businessmens golf,as honest as most politicians intentions,or as coherent as most bo
35、oks that get written.(Para.23),orderly,logical,and consistent relation of parts,This ironical sentence shows that the author not only considers those people incompetent,dishonest and incoherent,but also despises most businessmen,distrust most politicians and dislikes most publications.,Sentence Para
36、phrase 10,go to 11,I no longer consider the way grade-three thinkers think unimportant because they account for nine-tenths of the people and therefore have great power.Now I know that ignorance,prejudice and hypocrisy are very powerful enemies.,I no longer dismiss lightly a mental process.(Para.24)
37、,The author thinks that it is probably human nature to enjoy agreement because it seems to bring peace,security,comfort and harmony.,Sentence Paraphrase 11,go to 12,A crowd of grade-thinkers,all shouting the same thing,all warming their hand at the fire of their own prejudices Man enjoys agreement a
38、s cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill.(Para.24),All feeling very content and happy because they share the same prejudices,Simile:enjoy the peaceful,safe and harmonious environment,Sentence Paraphrase 12,go to 13,Grade-two thinkers do not stampede easily,though often they fall into
39、 the other fault and lag behind.Grade-two thinking is a withdrawal,with eyes and ears open.It destroys without having the power to create.(Para.25),To get easily frightened and run with the crowd,To go to the other extreme,that is to act too slowly and lag behind,Detachment:(冷漠)as from social or emo
40、tional involvement;refusing to be part of the crowd.,Sentence Paraphrase 13,Too much attention or excitement to unimportant things,to replace,pay,reward,It made me watch people shouting in joy and support of the King and wonder what this senseless excitement was all about although I did not have any
41、thing good to replace this exciting or intoxicating patriotism.But I did get something out of it.,object complement,go to 14,It set me watching the crowds cheering His Majesty the King and asking myself what all the fuss was about,without giving me anything positive to put in the place of that heady
42、 patriotism.But there were compensations.(Para.25),Sentence Paraphrase 14,She claimed that the Bible was literally inspired.I countered by saying that the Catholics believed in the literal inspiration of Saint Jeromes Vulgate and the two books were different.Argument flagged.(Para.26),A true histori
43、cal record,The Latin translation of the Bible,used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version,to become dull,“Both Methodists and Catholics believed that their Books are a true record of the Gods divine plan.”The author used this example to defy Ruths illogical opinion,therefore the
44、argument became dull because Ruth didnt know how to respond to it.,go to 15,Sentence Paraphrase 15,go to 16,That was too easy,said I restively since there were more Roman Catholics than Methodists anyway;(Para.27),restlessly,difficult to control ones emotion,Here,the author pointed out Ruths logical
45、 error.The number of people who hold a view is no proof of its validity.,Note the authors description of the contrasting combination of his intimate action and strong defiant expressions,which eventually made Ruth withdraw and give up as a grade-two thinker.,Sentence Paraphrase 16,go to 17,I would b
46、et on the Buddhists;I am sure,they are greater in number,More than she could accept or bear,If we were talking about the number of people who believe in this,I slid my arm around her waist and murmured that if we were counting heads,the Buddhists were the boys for my money.She fled.The combination o
47、f me arm and those countless Buddhists was too much for her.(Para.27),Sentence Paraphrase 17,go to 18,I was given the third degree to find out what had happened.I lost Ruth and gained an undeserved reputation as a potential libertine.(Para.28),To be severely questioned or interrogated,The author los
48、t his girlfriend and won a bad name even as a grade-two thinker,satisfying himself by finding out deficiencies but not seeking for the truth.Note the effect of the authors self-mockery.,Sentence Paraphrase 18,go to 19,To make one fell proud of ones ability and cleverness,To be in the water that is t
49、oo deep for you to stand in and breathe,The author uses this metaphor to express the idea that grade-two thinking has its limitations.It does not have anything positive to offer.,To find out the deficiencies of our elders satisfies the young ego but does not make for personal security.It took the sw
50、immer some distance from the shore and left him there,out of his depth.(Para.29),Sentence Paraphrase 19,I came up in the end with what must always remain the justification for grade-one thinking.I devised a coherent system for living.It was a moral system,which was wholly logical.(Para.31),According
