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1、1-3 文本类型/不可译性,翻译标准方法与文本类型,Informative text:(信息性文本)Expressive text(表达性文本)Vocative text(祈使性文本),翻译标准方法与文本类型,informative text:(信息性文本)includes news,business letter,user manual,official and public document,non-fictional text,legal documentsTranslation method:free translationCriteria:accuracy,readability,信
2、息性文本(Informative text),Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade.,A.十多年来,失业人数一直顽固的拒绝压缩.B.十多年来，失业人数一直居高不下。C.失业人数总不收缩，这个问题已经持续十多年了。,Expressive text(表达性文本),Including literature,essay,novel,poem,drama,autography.Translation of these texts are expected to convey both meaning
3、and form,the artistic effect,the unique flavor,such as diction,sentence pattern,rhetoric,as well as other non-conventional use of language.Translators should be keen enough to identify these stylistic elements and try to represent them in their translation.,2.表达性文本,包括：serious imaginative literature
4、authoritative statement autobiography personal correspondence,Tip:Gauge the degree of its deviation from naturalness,from ordinary language and reflect this degree in your translation.,表达性文本-个性化语言,这个摊贩叫卖道：“快来买呀，过了这个村可就没这个店啦。”A.The street peddler hawked:“Now or never!”B.The street peddler cried:“Come
5、 and buy!Youll never get them later.”C.The street peddler hawked:“Please buy!Dont lose the golden chance!”Hawk:to try to sell goods,usually by going from place to place and trying to persuade people to buy them,表达性文本文字风格,Rest belongs to the work as the eyelids to the eyes.Stray Birds by Tagore,休息与工作
6、的关系,正如眼睑与眼睛的关系.,表达性文本文字风格,Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves.,1.让生命像夏天的花朵一样美丽,让死亡像秋天的叶子那样.2.让生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美.,表达性文本诗歌,徐志摩的一首著名的有韵诗偶然（1926）：我是天空里的一片云，偶尔投影在你的波心 你不必讶异，更无需欢喜在转瞬间消灭了踪影。你我相逢在黑夜的海上，你有你的，我有我的方向；你记得也好，最好你忘掉，在这交会时互放的光亮。,I am a cloud in the sky,A chance shad
7、ow on the wave of your heart.Dont be surprised,Or too elated:In an instant I shall vanish without trace.We meet on the sea of dark night,You on your way,I on mine.Remember if you will.Or,better still,forgetThe light exchanged in this encounter.(100 Modern Chinese Poems,香港，商务印书馆 1987年版),I am a cloud
8、in the sky,Casting shadow on your heart of lake,Dont be surprised,Or too elated:I will be soon floating by.We meet on the sea of dark night,You on your way,I on mine.Remember if you will.Or,better still,forgetThis encounter and the light.,还君明珠泪双垂,恨不相逢未嫁时.With thy two pearls I send thee back two tear
9、s:Tearsthat we did not meet in earlier years!,3.Vocative text(祈使性文本),Includes advertisement,political and religious speech,debating speech that attach more importance on readers response and the effect of the promulgation.,Dont just see beauty.Open your mind and feel it.With the top up,the all new V
10、olvo C70 is a sporty couple with dramatic head-turning style.A mere 30 seconds later,with the top stowed below the rear deck,its an open-air convertible that possesses power for passionate driving.,广告,Volvo C70 不仅外型优雅,驾驶体验更加卓越不凡.置身车内，仅需30秒，车篷即可滑入后盖板下方，变身成双门跑车，而且车头可灵活转动。您可尽享大自然的气息，在碧海蓝天之间纵横驰骋。,Is lif
11、e so dear,or peace so sweet,as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?Forbid it,Almighty God!I know not what course others may take:but as for me,give me liberty,or give me death!-Patrick Henry,演讲,难道生命就那么宝贵，和平那么美好，竟值得不惜以镣铐加身、屈身为奴来换取吗？上帝啊，阻止他们这样做吧！我不知道其他人会怎么选择；至于我，不自由，毋宁死！,可译性和不可译性,语言文字特有
12、的现象，如构字，音韵，某些修辞格，具有浓厚民族色彩的词汇，浓缩历史文化现象的典故，成语。,可译性和不可译性,方豚翁老先生抱孙心切，刚占了个周易神卦，求得，是“小畜”卦，什么“密云不雨”，“舆脱辐，夫妻反目”，“血去惕出无咎”。-围城译文：Old Fang Tun-weng,eagerly awaiting a grandson,had just divined a lot from the I Ching.It was the Little Beast lot:“Dense cloud,no rain.”“The spokes burst out of the wagon wheels.Man
13、 and wife roll their eyes.”“Blood vanishes and fear gives way,no blame.”(Jeanne Kelly,Nathan K.Mao),鸳鸯笑道：“鲍二家的，老祖宗又拉上赵二家的。”贾母也笑道：“可是，我哪里记得什么抱着背着的，提起这件事来，不由我不生气！”（第四十七回）“It was Bao Ers wife,Old Lady,not Zhao Ers”,said Faithful,laughing.“Thats what I said,didnt I?”Grandmother Jia snapped.“Well,Zhao or
14、 Bao,or brown cow,how can I be expected to remember such things?The very mention of them makes me feel angry”Harwks 放弃了把“抱着背着”的语意显化的方针，巧妙地利用“Zhao”和“Bao”的发音特点，仍然从音韵的角度出发，找到了与之语音类似的brown cow(cow:贬 俚女人，婆娘)，既符合当时的场景，又体现了修辞特点。（冯庆华，2006：282）,修辞1.You cannot fight,you cannot flee,you have to learn how to fl
15、ow.,文化内涵,鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。Two dogs strive for a bone and a third runs away with it.When shepherds quarrel,the wolf has a winning game.,Principle,1.保留交际功能2.尽量保存原文的修辞美。,A Bed of RosesThrough the ages,roses have become one of the most recognizable symbols of love,romance,and beauty.They frequently appear in t
16、he work of the worlds best writers.Who could ever forget words like Shakespeares“a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”?Roses have also left their petal trail through the music world.Bon Jovi put them on everybodys lips with their hit,“Bed of Roses”.And Bette Midler brought tears to the worl
17、ds eyes when she sang about them in her love song,“The Rose”.Peoples desire for beauty knows no limits.And through the years,the quest for the perfect roses has developed into a fine art.Known as hybridizing,rose breeding can produce spectacular results.Breeders have developed bronze,black,and blue
18、roses,and have even come up with a thornless rose.,Homework,Exercise,Consumer debt in the UK has reached an all time high of trillion.Meanwhile,advertising spending recently passed the 19 billion mark.With the average person being exposed to 3,000 adverts a day,it is no coincidence that 80 percent o
19、f Britons admit to regularly over-spending.,在英国，消费者债务已经达到历史上最高水平一万亿英镑.广告费用也在最近突破190亿英镑大关.平均每人每天要受到3000个广告的狂轰滥炸，无怪乎80%的英国人承认自己习惯性过度消费。,A Bed of RosesThrough the ages,roses have become one of the most recognizable symbols of love,romance,and beauty.They frequently appear in the work of the worlds best
20、 writers.Who could ever forget words like Shakespeares“a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”?Roses have also left their petal trail through the music world.Bon Jovi put them on everybodys lips with their hit,“Bed of Roses”.And Bette Midler brought tears to the worlds eyes when she sang abou
21、t them in her love song,“The Rose”.Peoples desire for beauty knows no limits.And through the years,the quest for the perfect roses has developed into a fine art.Known as hybridizing,rose breeding can produce spectacular results.Breeders have developed bronze,black,and blue roses,and have even come u
22、p with a thornless rose.,对大多数人而言，颜色是挑选玫瑰时最重要的一环。传统上，不同的玫瑰传达不同的信息。粉红玫瑰可代表友谊，黄玫瑰表达你的歉意，红玫瑰当然代表爱情喽，而白玫瑰则令人联想到纯洁。,A Bed of Roses an essays title:attractive,brief,summarizing,novel,Option of the title translation:玫瑰花床玫瑰花坛,玫瑰絮语,玫瑰飘香,玫瑰趣闻知多少,玫瑰的故事,浪漫的生活,Tip:connotative meaning:easy and comfortable environm
23、ent.In ancient Greek,people were very rich,they live a luxury life,strewing roses petals on their beds.,what do you expect the language features of an essay?Light-hearted,popular and everyday language,interesting,1.Through the ages,roes have become one of the most recognizable symbols of love,romanc
24、e,and beauty.2.They frequently appear in the work of the worlds best writers.,Age:a generationAn extended period of time1a:从古至今,玫瑰作为爱情,浪漫和美丽的一种象征,广为认同.1b:古往今来,玫瑰成了人们公认的爱情,浪漫和美丽的象征.2a:它们经常出现在世界最优秀的作家的作品里.2b:而且频频出现在世界文豪的作品里.,3.Who could ever forget words like Shakespeares“a rose by any other name woul
25、d smell as sweet”?,3a:谁会忘记莎翁名句:“玫瑰就算换个名字,依旧芳香醉人.”3b:莎翁名句“玫瑰失其名,亦不减芬芳”,着实令人印象深刻.,4.Roses have also left their petal trail through the music world.Bon Jovi put them on everybodys lips with their hit,“Bed of Roses”.And Bette Midler brought tears to the worlds eyes when she sang about them in her love s
26、ong,“The Rose”.,在乐坛里,玫瑰也留下了瓣瓣芳踪。邦乔飞乐团红极一时的单曲玫瑰花床，是大众琅琅上口的歌曲。贝迪米勒演唱的情歌玫瑰，更是打动了全球听众的心。,Tips:1.proper name translation:consult the recognized translation2.During E-C translation,remember Chinese prefer 4-character words,which can create clear-cut rhythm and sense of literary grace.3.Inflection of Engli
27、shFlexible change between part of speeches,while Chinese has to resort to empty words,such as“在,着,了,过,已经”,Peoples desire for beauty knows no limits.And through the years,the quest for the perfect roses has developed into a fine art.,人类对美的渴求是无止境的。多年来，对完美玫瑰的追求已发展成一项艺术。,Tip:Desire for:渴望如果译成：人类对美的渴望是无止
28、境的。考虑上下文和搭配是否和谐。,对大多数人而言，挑选玫瑰时颜色是最重要的。传统上，不同的玫瑰传达不同的信息。粉红玫瑰可代表友谊，黄玫瑰表达你的歉意，红玫瑰当然代表爱情喽，而白玫瑰则令人联想到纯洁。,To most people,color is most important when choosing a rose.Traditionally,different color roses convey different messages.Pink can mean friendship,and yellow says your are sorry.Red,of course,expresses love,and white is associated with innocence.,Tip:英语中避免重复使用同一个词（特别使用的修辞除外），或重复表达一个概念，为避免重复，可使用代词，类属名词，如：object,thing,people,creature，近义词等。中国美学讲究平衡与对称，重复较多。e.g.You can choose between option No.1 and option No.2.The former needs the latter requires,
