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1、,四级翻译,四级翻译,第一节 综述背景题目要求翻译主题评分标准样题分析,四级翻译,第二节 四六级翻译过程中的语言对比1.汉英表层结构的对比2.形合、意合与四六级翻译的衔接第三节 翻译解题步骤与方法1.理清时态2.合理断并3.找准主干4.选词敲意5.关注衔接和连贯,新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。Chinese culture going global 分值比例：15%考试时间：30分钟。内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展 长度：140-160个汉字；,大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准,剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民
2、间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行,人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.It was wides
3、pread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations,in particular,paper cuttings are used to decorate doors,windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere._ _._ _,The color most f
4、requently used in paper cutting is red,which symbolizes health and prosperity.,Chinese paper cutting,is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present,to foreign friends.,Paper cutting is one of the most pravelling form of Chinese civilian traditional arts.Chinese Paper cutting has
5、 a long history of more than1,500 years,which is especially popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People always use Paper cutting to beautify the environment of their home,especially during the Spring Festival and the marrying time,when Paper cutting is used to funiture the doors,windows and room i
6、n order to boost the stmosphere of happiness.It is red that always appear on Paper cutting,which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese Paper cutting is popular in every area of the world,which is alway taken as a present to foreignal friends.,中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动 从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the La
7、ntern Festival)，即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday.In China,it is also known as the Spring Festival.Ne
8、w Year celebrations run from Chinese New Years Eve,the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar,to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month.Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.However,New Years Eve is usuall
9、y an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck.And doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health,wealth and good luck.Other
10、 activities include lighting firecrackers,giving money in red envelopes,and visiting relatives and friends.,闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000多公里。得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器(porcelain)也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的。欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需
11、要。The world-famous Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the West and East.Extending more than 6,000 kilometers,the Silk Road gets its name from the ancient Chinese silk trade.Trade on the silk Road played a significant role in the development of the civilization of China,South Asia,Europe and
12、the Middle East._ _.Likewise,Chinese silk,tea and porcelain were also spread throughout the globe.The exchange of material culture went both ways,with Europe also exporting a wide range of goods and plants via the Silk Road to meet the demands of the Chinese market.,It was through the Silk Road that
13、 four great,ancient Chinese inventions of paper making,gunpowder,the compass,and the printing were introduced to the world.,四级翻译,二、四六级翻译过程中的语言对比1.汉英表层结构的对比2.形合、意合与四六级翻译的衔接三、翻译解题步骤与方法1.理清时态2.合理断并3.找准主干4.选词敲意5.关注衔接和连贯,第二节 四六级翻译过程中的语言对比,1、汉英表层结构的对比英语句子以语法为基础，注重形合，思维结构严谨，强调主谓一致、动宾搭配。汉语的句子本质上来讲是语义的，强调自由的
14、思维，看重内容上的意合。因此，汉英句法架构对比主要体现在话题结构与主谓结构对比，平行结构对比。,（一）主谓结构vs话题结构,英语的主谓结构基本句型一：+（主谓）基本句型二：+（主谓表）基本句型三：+（主谓宾）基本句型四：+（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：+（主谓宾宾补）汉语的话题结构半数甚至半数以上的汉语句子可以分为主题与述题两个组成部分。主题部分引出话题（topic），述题部分是对主题的进一步说明或评论（comment）。,传统中国画有两个最受青睐的主题。一是家庭生活的各种幸福场景，画中往往有老人在下棋饮茶，男人在耕耘收割，妇女在织布缝衣，小孩在户外玩耍。另一个则是乡村生活的种种乐趣，画有渔夫在
15、湖上打鱼，农夫在山上砍柴采药，或是书生坐在松树下吟诗作画。（主题话题与述题评论）（CET 6）译文There are two most preferred topics in traditional Chinese paintings.One is various happy scenes of family life in which the elderly play chess and drink tea,young men farm and harvest in the field,women weave or sew clothes and kids play in the outsi
16、de.The other depicts the recreations of rural life.In these paintings,fishermen fish on the lake,farmers hew or collect herbs on the hills and scholars compose poems or paintings under pine trees.,（二）平行结构,汉语平行结构各组成部分之间的关系可能并列，也可能从属，但英语平行结构各单位之间的语义关系则是并列的。因此，在汉译英的过程中，译者需要把汉语平行结构之间的意合关系转换成英语的形合关系。如果汉语
17、原文平行结构各语义关系是并列的，翻译时就要加and、or等连词。如果语义关系是从属的，译文则必须体现从属关系。另外，汉语平行结构各单位字数要求相等，而英语平行结构各单位之间的语法要求一致。(1)书生坐在松树下吟诗作画。（CET 6）译文scholars compose poems or paintings under pine trees.（并列）(2)引起冲突，造成隔阂（CET 4）译文1which will give rise to conflicts and cause barriers in our friendship.（并列）译文2which will lead to confli
18、cts,resulting in alienation in our friendship.（从属）,2.形合、意合与四六级翻译的衔接,（一）合理使用关系词汉语是“竹式结构”，英语则是“树式结构”。(1)明朝统治中国 276 年，被人们描绘成人类历史上治理有序、社会稳定的最伟大的时代之一。（CET 6）译文The Ming Dynasty which ruled China for 276 years is depicted as one of the greatest periods of human history when the country was characterized by
19、 good governance and social stability.(2)（随着）人口增长迅速，越来越多的人住进城市，那里有热闹的娱乐场所。（CET 6）译文As population ballooned,more and more people moved to cities where there were dynamic entertainment venues.,（二）适当使用非谓语动词,“形合”的英语重语言的“形”，强调句子主谓结构的完整性，即所谓的“SV”提挈机制。任何英语语句都可以 SV 核心主轴来维持句子的平衡，其它动作意义的表达往往是通过词的 形态变化反映的。（1）黄
20、河发源于青海，流经九个省份，最后注入渤海。（CET 4）译文Originating in Qinghai province,the Yellow River flows through nine provinces and empties into the Bohai Sea.（2）唐朝始于618年，终于907年，是中国历史上最灿烂的时期。（CET 6）译文The Tang Dynasty,lasting from 618 to 907（beginning in 618 and ending in 907）,was the most splendid period of the Chinese
21、 history.,（三）适当使用介词,英语号称“介词语言”（语言学家寇姆的统计，英语中介词约为多285个，而汉语的常用介词还不到3个）（1）珠江三角洲是中国最发达的地区之一，面积约11，000 平方公里。（CET 4）译文The Pearl River Delta is one of the most developed regions in China with an area of about 11,000 square kilometers.（2）宋朝的政府体制在当时也是最先进的。政府官员均通过竞争性考试选拨任用。（CET 6）译文The Song Dynasty featured a
22、dvanced administration,with officials being selected through competitive examination.,试译下列各句，注意需要在英文句中增加表示逻辑关系的词语，使原文隐含的语义关系显现出来。,1.没有调查就没有发言权。2.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。3.人穷志不穷。,翻译下列句子，注意选择恰当的主语。,1.游中国必游长城。A must-see2.在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。3.子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？”,He who makes no investigation and
23、 study has no right to speak.Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.Though one is poor,he has high aspiration.A must for all tourists to China is a visit to the Great Wall./The Great Wall is a must to visit for all tourists to China.The constant change of the course of
24、the Yangtze River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.Confucius said,“Is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt?Is it a delight after all to have friends come from afar?”,第三节 四六级翻译解题步骤与方法,理清时态、合理断并、找准主干、选词敲意、关注衔接和连贯,一、理清时态,英语中一共有16个时态，
25、最常用的5个时态是?一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时和现在进行时抓住已知信息中的时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间,是短暂时间还是延续性时间,（1）过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。（CET6:13-12）译文The tradition of Mid-Autumn festival celebration became popular throughout China in the early Tang dynasty.（2）中国园林是经过3000多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。（CET6:13-12）译文The Chinese garden is a uni
26、que style of landscape which has evolved over three thousand years.,二、合理断并,汉语有汉语的结构，英语有英语的结构。汉语中句子的概念比较模糊，句号和逗号的使用有很大的随意性：有些逗号之间具备句子的完整成分，而有些逗号之间仅仅只是一个短语。汉译英时要注意两类长句：流水句（特点就是一个分句接一个分句，结构松散，很多地方可以断开，也可以连接，能省略的地方都省略了）结构复杂的句子,合理断并：合理断句或者并句（合句）,（一）断句语言驾驭能力有待提高的同学1、在原文主语变化处断句(1)据记载，共有72位帝王曾来此游览，/许多作家到泰山获
27、取灵感，写诗作文，/艺术家也来此绘画。（CET 4:17-12）译文A total of 72 emperors were recorded as visiting it.In addition,writers have traveled to Mount Tai for inspiration,producing poems and essays.Artists come here to draw and paint pictures as well.(2)同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器也传遍各地，/欧洲也是通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。（CET 6:13-12）译文 S
28、imilarly,Chinese silk,tea and porcelain were also spread to the rest of the world.And Europe exported all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.,2、在时间或地点状语处断句(1)在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福，/在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。（CET 4:16-12）译文 The color red often symbolizes
29、good fortune,longevity and happiness in Chinese culture.It can be seen everywhere during the Spring Festival or on other similarly festive occasions.(2)土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(Oxford)英语词典，/至今约有 120 中文加进了牛津英语词典，成了英语语言的一部分。（CET 6:14-06）译文 Both Tuhao and Dama are likely to be included into the new edition of
30、the Oxford English Dictionary.To date,some 120 words of Chinese origin have been added to the Oxford English Dictionary and have become part of the English speakers language.(3)泰山不仅雄伟壮观，而且是一座历史文化名山，/过去3000多年一直是人们前往朝拜的地方。（CET 4:17-12）译文 Mount Tai is a magnificent mountain.Besides,it is a famous mount
31、ain with history and culture.For more than 3000 years,it has been a place where people have taken a journey to worship.,3、在逻辑关系词处断句(1)自上世纪70年代后期以来，捕捞鱼蟹对沿湖的居民来说极其重要，/并对周边地区的经济做出了重大贡献。（CET 6:17-12）译文 Since the late 1970s,catching fishes and crabs has been of great importance to the residents living al
32、ong the lake.Moreover,it made great contributions to the economy of the neighboring regions.(2)这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源，包括 500 万辆机动车的尾气排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘，/另外 850 亿元用于新建或升级城市垃圾处理和污水处理设施，/加上 300 亿元投资未来三年的植树造林。（CET 6:14-06）译文 This newly announced plan is aimed at reducing four main sources of pollut
33、ion,including exhaust from 5 million vehicles,coal burning in surrounding areas,sandstorms from the north,and local construction dust.In addition,another 85 billion Yuan will be used to establish or upgrade the facilities to treat municipal garbage and sewage.Moreover,30 billion Yuan will be investe
34、d in the afforestation program in the next three years.,4、根据原文句子的结构来断句当汉语长句为总分或分总句式时，英译时在总分、分总转换处断句。例如：(1)由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，/所以中餐美味又健康。(CET 4:1 3-12)译文 As food is vital for our health,good cooks always try to seek the balance between grains,meats and vegetables.Therefore,Chinese fo
35、od is both delicious and healthy.(2)湖北和湖南两省因其与湖的相对位置而得名：/湖北意为“胡的北边”，而湖南则为“湖的南边”。（CET 6:17-12）译文 The provinces of Hubei and Hunan are named after their relative locations to the lake.Hubei means North of the Lake and Hunan,South of the Lake.,(二)合句语言基本功比较扎实的同学分析汉语数个小句的内在关联，并采取合理手段将两个甚至更多句合译为英语的一句1、从原文
36、主语变化处合句，常出现主从句(1)通过阅读，人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作，而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。(CET 4:14-06)译文Though reading,people can better learn to be grateful,responsible and cooperative,which are essential qualities education aims to cultivate.(2)人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。(CET 4:样题)译文 People often beautify
37、 their homes with paper cuttings,especially during the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations when paper cuttings are used to decorate doors,windows and rooms for enhancing the joyous atmosphere.。,2、按句子的内在关联合句(1)长江流经多种不同的生态系统，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。(CET 4:17-06)译文As a habitat for many endangered
38、 species,the Yangtze River flows through diverse ecosystems,irrigating one-fifth of the land in China.(2)青海湖位于海拔3205 米，青海省省会西宁以西约 100 公里处，是中国最大的咸水湖，面积4317 平方公里，最深处 25.5 米。（CET 6:17-12）译文1 Qinghai Lake,3,205 meters above sea level and about 100 kilometers away to the west of Xining,the provincial cap
39、ital of Qinghai,is Chinas largest saltwater lake,with an area of 4,317 square kilometers and 25.5 meters underwater at the deepest point.译文2Qinghai Lake,3,205 meters above sea level and about 100 kilometers to the west of Xining,capital of Qinghai Province,is the largest saltwater lake in China.It c
40、overs an area of 4,317 square kilometers and reaches 25.5 meters in depth.,三、找准主干 找准时态、确定断句合句后，同学们就需要按照英语句子的基本类型确定接下来是使用简单句（包括五种基本结构）、并列句（由两个或两个以上的简单句并列构成，通常用 and,but,or,not only.but also 等并列连词进行连接）还是主从复合句（常见从句有状语从句、定语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句）。如遇到汉语句子出现几个谓语共存时，一定要考查这些谓语之间到底是怎样的关系。如果是并列关系，一般可以正常翻译，然后将各谓语采取连
41、词来连接即可。但如果这些谓语存在主从关系，则务必分清哪些是主要谓语，哪些是次要谓语，将主要谓语作为译文主句的谓语，而次要谓语则视情况采取从句、非谓语形式、介词短语和形容词短语等来进行处理,四、选词敲意,词汇的翻译：增译法、减译法、词类转译法。（一）增译法1、增补名词例题但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。（CET 4:样题）译文 However,New Years Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.2、增补介词例题 各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很
42、大差异。（CET 4:样题）译文 Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.,3、增补代词例题 中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。（CET 4:样题）译文 Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday.In China,it is also known as the Spring Festival.4、增补连接词例题土豪以
43、前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人。（CET 6:14-06）译文 The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants,while now it refers to people spending money like water or those showing off all around.,5、增补必要的文化背景信息例题 珠江是华南一大河系，流经广州市，是中国第三长的河流，仅次于长江和黄河。（CET 4:17-06）译文As a major
44、river system in southern China,the Pearl River,which runs through Guangzhou,capital of Guangdong Province,is the third longest in China,only after the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.,（二）减译法,减译法要以不改变原文的内容为前提，在不影响原文意思的情况下，可以适当删减一些词语，使译文更加简洁、流畅。1、减去汉语中意思重复的词例题长江流经多种不同的生态系统，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。
45、（CET 4:17-06）译文As a habitat for many endangered species,the Yangtze River flows through diverse ecosystems,irrigating one-fifth of the land in China.,2、减去汉语中表示范畴的词汉语中一些词语后面表示范畴的词在英译时往往被省略。这些词有时没有实质的意义主要有“工作”、“方面”、“问题”、“情况”、“状态”等。例题1 它在面积和人口方面也是世界上最大的城市聚集区。（CET 4:17-06）译文 It is the largest urban area
46、 in the world in both size and population.例题2作为中国的国宝，功夫有上百种不同的风格，是世界上练得最多的武术形式。（CET 4:16-06）译文As a national treasure of China,Kung Fu,the most widely practiced martial arts in the world,enjoys hundreds of various styles.,3、减去汉语中重复出现的词汉语中为了句子的平衡、气势和韵调，常常使用排比、对仗、重复等修辞手段。在翻译时，可以省略一些重复的词，不必全翻译出来。例题1系列报告
47、包括三部分：科学发展报告，高技术发展报告，中国可持续战略报告。（CET 6:14-06）译文The series report consists of three parts on science development,high-tech development and Chinas sustainable strategy respectively.例题2 华山是秦岭的一部分，秦岭不仅分隔陕南与陕北，也分隔华南与华北。（CET 4:17-12）译文 Mount Hua is part of the Qinling Mountains,which divide not only Northe
48、rn and Southern Shaanxi,but also Northern and Southern China.,（三）词类转译法,在翻译过程中，译者可以根据译入语的规范，把原句中某种词类的词转换成另一种词类的词，即词类转译。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点，常使用动词；英语具有静态性和抽象性的特点，多使用名词和介词。所以在英译时，要对汉语中的某些动词进行转译，更符合英语的特点。,1、动词转化为名词例题1但调查显示，尽管智能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。（CET 4:18-12）译文Surveys show that despite the steady growth
49、 of the mobile phone reading market,more than half of adults still enjoy reading paper books.例题2 这一时期，经济发达，商业繁荣，社会秩序稳定，甚至边境也对外开放。（CET 6:17-06）译文 Through the whole reigns,the Tang Dynasty saw well-developed economy,prosperous business,stable society and even the border open to the outside world.,例题3
50、为了鼓励人们多消费，许多商店给使用移动支付的顾客打折。（CET 4:18-12）译文 To encourage peoples consumption,many shops offer discounts to the customers who use mobile payment.例题4然而，这种新趋势导致人们在社交时过度依赖手机。（CET 4:18-12）译文 However,the new trend also leads to the overdependence on phones.,2、动词转化为介词例题 但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。（CET 4:样题）译文 H
