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1、,Unit 4 History,I.Teaching Objectives:1.Reading Skill:Skimming2.Text Study:Models for Understanding HistoryII.Teaching key points:To learn the history models and theories;III.Teaching difficult points:1.To learn how to understand history;2.To learn and practice the reading skill skimming skillfully.
2、,IV.Lead-in questions,1.What is history?History is the past,or as Roman philosopher Cicero sisru西塞罗（古罗马政治家、雄辩家、著作家）says,“History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time”.It is a record of important events that ever happened and events that has changed the peoples lives.For example,the I
3、ndustrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century reformed the whole European landscape,bringing great improvements in the economic and technological aspects.It modernized the whole of Europe.Thats a historical event.History is presented and recorded in many forms.It can be in primary sources or se
4、condary sources,written and non-written.History is around us,from your diary to your history textbook,from the folk song that your grandma taught you to oral memoirs from victims of the war.These are all forms of history.,History is also something that profoundly links to the present,and even the fu
5、ture.What our predecessors had done in the past still affect us.Take the Age of Reason 理性时代as an example,in the 18th century,there were many Enlightenment ideas generated.These ideas laid the foundation for the universal core values and constitutions,like basic human rights and freedom of speech.2.D
6、o you believe that we can really know the truth of history?,It depends on,or it is hard to answer.For the past events,some are recorded,but some are lost.For those recorded,we are not sure the author could record them subjectively or objectively.3.Do you think it meaningful to study human history?Hi
7、story is the core of our life.We are one part in history like a drop water in the ocean.It is human beings who create history and history itself guides us to walk less on crooked roads弯路.It is worth learning from history.,V.Practice of skimmingAsk Ss to find the identical unit or word as quickly as
8、they can and cross it out and the teacher times the speed of their work.1.Letter perception(25 seconds)2.word perception(25 seconds),VI.Word pretest1.To ask Ss to finish doing the EXX.in Word Pretest.(4 minutes)2.To check the answers.,1.underlying:,ndlaii adj.not obvious,difficult to discover or rev
9、ealadj.潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的underlie:vt.hide behind,be the cause or basis of sth.过去式underlay,过去分词underlain,现在分词underlying.2.subscribe to:sbskraibagree to,support,contribute订阅；同意；捐款3.covenantkvnnt:agreement,contract契约，盟约，合同,4.tribulation:,tribjuleinsufferings,disasters苦难；磨难；忧患 The trials and tribulations
10、of everyday life生活的磨难5.fly in the face of:go against;be contrary to vt.悍然不顾6.succumbskm consent reluctantly vi.屈服；死；被压垮:vi.give in,固定搭配 to7.garb:b:vt.dress,or wear a strange clothes(尤指不寻常的)装束 shawl:l n.围巾，长方形披巾 vt.用披巾包裹,8.shed:vt.get rid of,pour out in drops or small quantitiesvt.流出；摆脱；散发；倾吐e.g.shed
11、 tears,God shed His grace on Thee(you).shed light on:make free from confusion or ambiguity;make clear 为提供线索，使清楚的显现，阐明He shed his image as a pushy boss.pushypui adj.有进取心的；爱出风头的；有冲劲的；固执己见的 adj.marked by aggressive ambition and energy and initiative Shed your clothes.9.discerndis:n,-z:n view,detect,spo
12、t,observe,perceive,see vt.识别；领悟，认识 vi.看清楚，辨别,VI.Text I Models for Understanding History,Ask Ss to spend 6 minutes skimming Text 1 while bearing the questions of 1-6 on Page 58 in mind.And then check the answers.Keys:1.Models for Understanding History 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C Ask Ss to spend 6 minutes rer
13、ead the text again and then decide whether each of the statements on page 58 is true or false.And then check the answers.Keys:7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T,VII.Understanding of Text I,7.1 Comprehension questions What does model mean?the way to help people to interpret and assemble the facts of history.
14、How many models for understanding history?What are they?3 models:the history of mankind is a record of progress and that future prospects are bright.things wre getting worse over time and that the prospects for the future were grim.（unpleasant,depressing,and difficult to accept.严酷的;令人沮丧的）periods of
15、accomplishment are followed by periods of decay,7.2 Topic-centered Analysis of Text,Part I(Para 1)The models of understanding history can be sorted into three broad categories.Part II(Para 2-4)Mode A believes that the history of mankind is a record of progress and that future prospects are bright.Pa
16、rt III(Para 5)Model B is that things were getting worse over time and that the prospects for the future were grim.,Part IV(Para 6-9)History is complicated.Periods of accomplishement are followed be periods of decay.Part V(Para 10-11)Conclusion:Suggest the right attitude for history:The trick is to m
17、ove beyond the simple models and to think critically about whatever time period they are studying.,7.3The structure of the Text,the authors chioce:critical eyes,Model C:up and down,Model B:down,Model A:up,the generallead-in,underlying:-underlying cause/principle/problem etc:the cause,idea etc that i
18、s the most important,although it is not easily noticed.-There is an underlying assumption that younger workers are easier to train.assumption-sth that you think is true although you have no definite proof-a lot of people make the assumption that poverty only exists in the Third World.,7.3.2 Model A,
19、the future of mankind is better and brighter,the benifits of this model:flattering to oneself and ones contemporariesallows one to face the future with optimismthe representatives of this model:Hegelmany American historians,Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel(1770 1831),a German philosopher,and one of the
20、 creators of German idealism.Hegel influenced writers of widely varying positions,including both his admirers such as Marx,and his detractors such as Nietzsche.ni:t尼采,Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical system,to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and n
21、ature,the subject and object of knowledge,and psychology,the state,history,art,religion,and philosophy.围绕思维与存在的辩证同一这个基本命题，黑格尔建立起令人叹为观止的客观唯心主义体系:绝对精神自我发展的三个阶段：逻辑学、自然哲学、精神哲学。这是人类思想史上最惊人的大胆思考之一。恩格斯后来给其以高度的评价：“近代德国哲学在黑格尔的体系中达到了顶峰，在这个体系中，黑格尔第一次这是他的巨大功绩把整个自然的、历史的和精神的世界描写为处于不断运动、变化、转化和发展中，并企图揭示这种运动和发展的内在联系
22、。”黑格尔的代表作品有精神现象学、逻辑学、哲学全书、法哲学原理、哲学史讲演录、历史哲学和美学等。,unify=unite:if you unify two or more parts or things,or if they unify,they are combined to make a single unit-his music unifies traditional and modern themes.-strong support for the war has unified the nation.-opposite to divide,俾斯麦(Otto von,1815-1898
23、,德国政治家,德意志帝国第一任首相),Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck(1815 1898)bizma:kwas a Prussian普鲁士 German statesman and aristocrat of the 19th century.As Minister-President of Prussia from 18621890,he oversaw the unification of Germany.In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German Confederation.When the Germ
24、an Empire was formed in 1871,he served as its first Chancellor until 1890 and practiced Realpolitikreia:lpliti:k权力政治,which gained him the nickname The Iron Chancellor.Wilhelm I霍亨索伦王室,also known as Wilhelm the Great(William Frederick Louis,German:Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig)(17971888)was the King of Pru
25、ssia(2 January 18619 March 1888)and the first German Emperor(18 January 18719 March 1888).Under the leadership of Wilhelm and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck,Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire.,German Emperor;King of Prussia,Bismark,7.3.3 Model B,
26、golden age,grimy future,How does this model fit the outlines of Scripture?Paradise the earth,Adam&Eve,through Gods covenants with Noah,Abraham,Moses,fulfill in Jesus,back,The word,scripture,has been firmly attached to the Bible in that it is used 32 times in 32 verses in the King James Bible.The Bib
27、le is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity.Christianity recognises the Old Testament which includes three parts:the Torah tr,tu-,tur:律法(“teaching”or“law”),the Neviim先知(“prophets”),and the Ketuvim 圣卷，著作(“writings”).,Scripture,And all Christians also recognise the New Testament,a col
28、lection of early Christian writings that consists of the Gospels福音书,the Acts of the Apostles使徒行传;圣经新约第五章(Often shortened to Acts),the Epistles/psl/使徒书信;圣经新约中的各卷书，原为早期基督徒的书信,and the Apocalypsepklips启示；天启；世界末日,Adam and Eve,Adam and Eve were,according to the chapters 1-5 of Genesis of the Bible,the fir
29、st man and woman created by God.In Genesis 1 God creates Adam in his image,and gives him dominion over the living things he has created.Genesis 2 God causes the man to sleep,and creates a woman from his rib.That is Eve.Genesis 3,the serpent tempts Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge,telling her th
30、at it will not lead to death;she succumbs,and gives the fruit to Adam.thus,they broke Gods command by eating from the tree.God curses them with hard labor and with pain in childbirth,and banishes them from his garden.Genesis 4 and 5 give the story of Adam and Eves family after they leave the garden.
31、,grim:-=harsh,making you feel worried or unhappy when he lost his job,his future looked grim.-looking or sounding very serious.Ill survive,he said with a grim smile.-very bad,ugly,or unpleasant the weather forecast is pretty grim.trend:a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or develop
32、ing-trend upward/downward:a tendency for sth to increase or decrease,Gods covenant with Noahnu,The biblical story of Noah is contained in the book of Genesis,chapters 69，God,saddened at the wickedness of mankind,decided to send a great delugedelju:d洪水 to destroy all life.But he saw that Noah was a r
33、ighteous man,and instructed him to build an ark and gather himself and his family with every type of animal,male and female.And so the Flood came,and all life was extinguished,except for those who were with Noah.,And then Noah built an altar to God and made an offering.And when the Lord smelled the
34、pleasing odour,the Lord said in his heart,I will never again curse the ground because of man,for the inclination of mans heart is evil from his youth;neither will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done.While the earth remains,seed-time and harvest,cold and heat,summer and winter,d
35、ay and night,shall not cease.Then God spoke to Noah that the animals would fear man;and in return,man was forbidden to eat“flesh with its life,that is,its blood.”And God forbade murder,and gave a commandment:“Be fruitful and multiply,bring forth abundantly on the earth and multiply in it.”And as a s
36、ign of his covenant,he set the rainbow in the sky,“the sign of the covenant which I have established between me and all flesh（众生，人类）that is upon the earth.,Gods covenant with Abraham,According to Genesis,Abraham was the tenth generation from Noah and the 20th from Adam.Abraham was sent by God from h
37、is home in Ur Kadim and Harran to Canaankeinn迦南,the land promised to his descendants by Yahwehja:wei;ja:va:耶和华In Canaan,Abraham entered into a covenant:in exchange for recognition of YHWH as his God,Abraham will be blessed with innumerable progeny子孙 and the land would belong to his descendants:Leave
38、 your country,your people and your fathers household and go to the land I will show you.I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you;I will make your name great,and you will be a blessing.I will bless those who bless you,and whoever curses you I will curse;and all peoples on earth will b
39、e blessed through you.Genesis 12:1-3,Gods covenant with Mosesmuziz摩西,a religious leader,lawgiver,and prophetAccording to the Book of Exodus,Moses was born in a time when war threatened and the large increase in the number of his people concerned the Egyptian Pharaohfru法老，暴君 who was worried that they
40、 might help Egypts enemies.Moses Hebrew mother,Jochebed,hid him when the Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed,and he ended up being adopted into the Egyptian royal family.After killing an Egyptian slave-master,Moses fled across the Red Sea to Midian where he tended the flocks of Jeth
41、ro,a priest of Midian on the slopes of Mt.Horeb.h:reb何烈山（又作西奈山）After the Ten Plagues 瘟疫were unleashed释放 on Egypt,Moses led the Hebrew people out of Egypt,across the Red Sea,where they based themselves at Horeb and compassed包围 the borders of Edom 以东（雅各之兄，以扫别名）.It was at this time,that according to th
42、e Bible,Moses received the Ten Commandments.,Gods covenant with Jesus,Jesus the Christ is the central figure of Christianity.he was a Jew who was regarded as a teacher and healer医治者.He was baptized by John the Baptist,and was crucifiedkru:si,fai in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect行政长官 of
43、 Judaeadu:di犹太（地名）,Pontius Pilate彼拉多（钉死耶稣的古代罗马犹太总督）,on the charge of sedition煽动 against the Roman Empire.Christian believes that Jesus is divine,the Messiah misai救星whose coming was prophesied in the Old Testament,and that he was resurrected复活,rezrektafter his crucifixion.Christians predominantly bel
44、ieve that Jesus is the“Son of God”and the second person in the Trinitytriniti三位一体 who came to provide salvation and reconciliation和解 with God by his death for their sins.,Revelation,revlein启示（录）,Within a set of mostly religious beliefs Revelation refers to the act of revealing or disclosing,or makin
45、g something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication with supernatural entities实体(divine,.).It is believed that revelation can originate directly from a deity神,or through an agent,such as an angel.One who has experienced such contact with or communication from the divin
46、e 神学家is often called a prophet.Christianity regards varied collections of books known as the Bible as authoritative and written by human authors under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit圣灵.In a number of passages the Bible claims divine inspiration for itself.Besides the direct accounts of written re
47、velation,such as Moses receiving the Ten Commandments.and in the New Testament,Jesus treats the Old Testament as authoritative and says it“cannot be broken”,“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching,rebuking指责，非难,correction and training in righteousness.authoritativerttv;-,tetv adj.有
48、权威的；命令式的；当局的,covenantkvnnt:a legal agreement in which sb promises to pay a person or organization an amount of money regularly-he covenanted to pay$30 a month into the fund.prophecyprfisi:-a statement that sth.will happen in the future,esp.one made by sb with religious or magic powers The prophecy t
49、hat David would become king was fulfilled.-the power or act of making statements about what will happen in the future She had the gift of prophecy.,tribulation,tribjulein:serious trouble or a serious problem.accomplishment-=achievement:sth successful or impressive that is achieved after a lot of eff
50、ort and hard work It was a major accomplishment for a player who had been injured so recently.-the act of finishing or achieving sth good the accomplishment of policy goals-an ability to do sth well,or the skill involved in doing sth well.技艺 playing the piano is one of her many accomplishment.,7.3.4
