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1、Tasks for todays lesson,Check Exs.9Part Two Major Translation Techniques Chapter 10 省略词语(Omission),Chapter 10,Chapter 10 省略词语(Omission),Chapter 10 省略词语,由于中文和英文存在许多差异,翻译时除了增添词语之外,还要适当省略词语。所谓省略词语是指原文中有些词语在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词但已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词语。准确和简练是翻译的基本要求。汉语是意合语言，
2、尤其讲究简洁顺畅，英译汉时，要舍去原文需要而译文不需要的成分。汉语也有其自身的表达特点，汉译英时，也要省略原文需要而译文不需要的成分。本章论述英汉互译中常见的省略现象。,10.1 从内容角度省略词语,根据原文内容和译文表达习惯，有必要在译文中适当省略原文中的某些词语。,10.1.1 省略原文中的某些动词,汉语的描述句可以直接用形容词、名词、介词、短语或主谓结构作谓语，而英文句子的谓语则必须是动词，所以在英译汉时，描述句中的动词有时要省略。另外，汉语句子中常出现两个或多个动词，在汉译英时，有时则不必将动词全部翻译出来。,10.1.1 省略原文中的某些动词,1 These developing c
3、ountries cover vast territories,encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。2 This type of typewriter is portable,durable,economical and practical for high school students.这种打字机携带轻便，经久耐用，经济实惠，适合高中生使用。,10.1.1 省略原文中的某些动词,3 美国新任国务卿建议召开世界食品资源会议。The new American Sec
4、retary of State proposed a world conference on food supplies.4 这意味着在45分钟内创了6项世界记录。一直到现在还没有人能做得到。This meant six world records in 45 minutes.Nobody has done the same since.,10.1.2 省略汉语的范畴词,汉语常用范畴词，而英语则少用范畴词。中译英时省略那些原文习惯上需要但在译文中却没有意义的范畴词是完全必要的。5 他在我不知道的情况下私自拿走了那东西。He took it away without my knowledge.6
5、 要加快建立城市贫困居民的最低生活保障制度。We should accelerate the establishment of a minimum standard of living for impoverished urban residents.,10.1.3 省略原文的解释性词语,有时英文或中文文本对某个意义使用两个或两个以上的词语表示，而在对应的中文或英文中只有一个，这时只能省略一个。英汉语中都有对偶同义词，通常也采用省略法处理。9 Burning or combustion is the process of uniting a fuel or combustible with t
6、he oxygen in the air.燃烧就是将燃料和空气中的氧气混合的过程。,10.1.3 省略原文的解释性词语,10 The medfly(Mediterranean fruit fly)is one of the worlds most dangerous pests,being a threat to 400 types of vegetables and fruits.地中海果蝇是世界上最危险的害虫之一，对四百多种蔬菜、水果构成威胁。11 Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or rea
7、son.双方均不得无故解除合同。12 我国社会主义建设正以空前绝后的速度发展着。Our socialist country is developing at an unprecedented rate.,10.1.4 省略原文必要但译文不必要的名词,13 建立办事高效，运转协调，行为规范的政府行政管理体系是这次国务院机构改革的目标。The current government restructuring is aimed at establishing a highly efficient,wellcoordinated and standardized administrative mana
8、gement system.14 他的那些构图生动、色彩丰富、内涵深刻的水彩画颇具西方绘画艺术的特色。His watercolors,vivid,rich,and profound,are tinged with the flavor of Western painting.,10.1.5 省略原文中的有关形容词,19 他能力强，人品好，办事勤快，显然会步步高升的。In the light of his aptitude,personality and diligence,he will surly be promoted soon.20 这里景色秀美，气候宜人，吸引了大批的游客。This s
9、cenic spot attracts large numbers of tourists for its scenery and climate./Drawn by its scenery and climate,a large number of tourists pour in.,10.1.6 省略原文中的某些副词,23 幕幕政治花招真使他看入迷了：总统竞选活动中的勾心斗角，尔虞我诈；对新闻消息的幕后操纵、公开发表和故意透露，以及公开的和秘密的谈话。He was fascinated by political processes the wheeling and dealing of p
10、residential politics,the manipulating,releasing and leaking of news,the public and private talks.24 在那时候的电影里，总是千篇一律老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。In the films of those days,all too often it was the same one:a boy tractor driver meets a girl tractor driver;they fall in love and drive tractors tog
11、ether.,10.1.7 省略汉语的语气助词,27 不要认真嘛！我只不过开开玩笑罢了。Dont take it seriously.Im just making fun of you.28 那双眼睛啊，像海水般的颜色，神情愉快，毫不沮丧。They(the eyes)were the same color as the sea,cheerful and undefeated.29 他描绘它(拉脱维亚)的风土人情森林啦，小村庄啦，人民啦，人民的强烈民族主义啦等等，只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听，滔滔不绝。He described it(Latvia)its forests,its li
12、ttle villages,its people,their fierce nationalism with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love for ones motherland.,10.1.8 省略原文中重复的词语,31 台湾海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits are of the same flesh and blood.32 如果你觉得合适就干，不合适就别干，你自个儿看着办吧。Go ahead if you thin
13、k the job suits you and dont if not.Its all up to you to decide.33 上海市场繁荣，商业发达，服务网点星罗棋布，名产特产琳琅满目。Shanghai,with a thriving market and a great number of shops and stores,boasts a large array of local products and specialties.,10.1.9 根据译语表达习惯省略原文中的某些词语,有的句子成分可有可无，完全直译反而显得啰嗦，还是省略为好。例如：35 Their respectiv
14、e destinies are becoming increasingly interdependent.他们的命运日益休戚相关。(不必译成“他们各自的命运日益休戚相关。”)36 He had held out his arms,but they had fallen again to his sides;for she had not come forward,standing still in the opening of the doorway.他已伸出了双臂，却又只好垂了下来，因为她还站在门口，没有走上前来。(如果译成“却又只好垂下来放在两侧”则显得啰嗦。),10.1.10 省略原文中
15、过于详细的细节,38 I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof,eat his food and drink his whisky,till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家，吃他的，喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，
16、把我带到我要去的港口为止。当我想到这种情景时，我真有点不好意思了。,10.1.10 省略原文中过于详细的细节,39 She curtseyed again,and would have blushed deeper,if she could have blushed deeper than she had blushed all the time.她又行了一个屈膝礼，她的脸一直涨得绯红，所以不可能涨得更红了。,10.2 从形式角度省略词语,英语和汉语的语法有很大差异。如英文有冠词，而中文没有；中文有量词而英文很少；中文讲究意合，少用并列连词和关联词，而英文讲究形合，常用并列连词、从属连词和其他
17、连接成分；中文有很多无主句，而英文则讲究句子结构完整，一般至少有主语和谓语。根据英语和汉语的语法差异，省略词语必不可少。,10.2.1 省略英语冠词,英译汉时，英语冠词在许多情况下不必翻译。41 Is the president of the United States a Republican?美国总统是共和党党员吗？(不可译作“这美国的这总统是一名共和党党员吗？”)42 The latest monthly figures show a growing surplus in Chinas overseas trade.最新的月度统计数字表明中国外贸顺差进一步增长。43 The fox ma
18、y grow gray,but never good.狐狸会变老，但是不会变好。,10.2.1 省略英语冠词,英语冠词翻译成汉语时，一般省略不译。但值得注意的是，如果英语不定冠词表达“一”这个意思，则不能省略。例如：44 Rome wasnt built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。45 I have two brothers and a sister.我有两个兄弟，一个姊妹。,10.2.2 省略原文连词,英译汉时，英语的并列连词和从属连词等通常省略，这是汉语的本质特点所决定的。,10.2.2.1 省略并列连词,46 Youd better put on your sweater,f
19、or its rather cold outside.你最好把毛衣穿上，外面相当冷。47 One more step and you are a dead man.再走一步，你就死定了。48 The camera work is perfect and the cast is good.影拍摄好极了，演员也很棒。49 Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,10.2.2.2 省略从属连词,英语各类状语从句都必须由从属连词引导，汉语各类状语分句则不一定，所以，英语状语从
20、句翻译为汉语时，其从属连词通常省略。此外，汉语的关联词往往成对出现，如“因为所以”，“虽然但是”，译成英语时要省略其中一个。50 If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了,春天还会远吗？51 If I had known this beforehand,I would not have gone back.早知如此，我就不回去了。,10.2.2.2 省略从属连词,52 While there is life,there is hope.有生命就有希望。53 When a girl leaves her home at eighteen,she
21、does one of two things.一个十八岁的姑娘离家出门，她的遭遇不外乎两种。54 I stepped aside so that he could go in.我让到一旁让他进去。55 他们虽然取得了辉煌成就，但是不骄傲自满，还在继续努力。Although they have achieved brilliant success,they are still working hard instead of being conceited.,10.2.3 省略英语介词,英语介词使用频繁，汉语介词用得较少，所以英译汉时英语句子中的介词往往省略。,10.2.3.1 表示时间的介词常常
22、省略,57 I left this city on the afternoon of July the 6th.七月六号下午我离开了这座城市。58 On the early morning of the 10th,there was a car crash.十日清晨，这里发生了汽车相撞事故。59 These are our chief tasks at the present stage.些就是我们现阶段的主要任务。,10.2.3.2 表示地点的介词有时省略,61 He was born in a small town in southern Germany.他出生在德国南部的一个小镇。62
23、The post office is at the fourth intersection from here.邮局在从这里数起的第四个十字路口。63 Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。但表地点的介词在谓语动词后面往往不可省略。例如：64 She hid behind the door.她躲在门背后。,10.2.3.3 表其他意义的介词的省略,65 In the excessive competition among enterprises,the losers can hardly be
24、 eliminated,and the allocation of the resources can hardly be optimized.企业过度竞争，失败者难以被淘汰，资源难以实现优化配置。66 Our institute employed an English teacher.He looked very strange redfaced,goldenhaired,with a thick growth of whiskers that reached all the way to the nose.学院请来一位洋教师，长得挺怪红脸、金发、连鬓胡子欣欣向荣，郁郁葱葱，都挨近鼻子了。,
25、10.2.4 省略英语代词,英文使用者为了避免重复名词，往往使用代词，特别是人称代词和物主代词，而汉语使用者却较少使用代词。只要不妨碍意义传达，英译汉时常常省略英语代词，反之则要增加代词。另外，汉语还有很多无主句，英译汉时常常省略作主语的代词。It用来指天气、距离时，或用于强调句中作形式主语或形式宾语时，在译文中往往省略。,10.2.4.1 省略用作主语的人称代词,68 Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of breadandbutter,but there was nowhere to put it and she co
26、uldnt possibly throw it away.这时劳拉宁愿手里没有这块涂上黄油的面包，拿着没有地方放，又不可能扔掉。69 If I were her,I would take the advice.我要是她，就接受这个建议。70 We Chinese can understand this feeling.中国人能理解这种感情。,10.2.4.2 省略作宾语的代词,72 The more he tried to hide his warts,the more he revealed them.他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露。73 If you have read these
27、stories,tell them in your own words.如果你读过这些故事，就用自己的话讲出来。74 Ice is a solid.If we heat it,it melts and becomes water.冰是固体。如果加热，冰就会融化成水。75 If you study English very hard and practise it constantly,you will be able to use it freely.如果你努力学习英语，并经常练习不断实践，你就能应用自如。,10.2.4.3 省略物主代词,76 He put his hands into hi
28、s pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他将双手放进衣袋里，然后耸了耸肩膀。77 For two weeks,he had been studying the house,looking at its rooms,its electric wiring,its path and its garden.两个星期以来，他一直注意观察房屋的情况，查看各个房间，留心电线的走向以及通道和花园的布局。,10.2.4.3 省略物主代词,78 One guy goes to a doctor and says,“Doctor,my wife has recently
29、 lost her voice.What should I do to help her get it back?”The doctor replies,“Try to come home at 3 in the morning!”有个人去看医生，问道：“医生，我老婆最近失声，我该怎样帮她恢复声音？”医生回答：“设法凌晨3点回家！”,10.2.4.4 省略作形式主语或形式宾语的 it,非人称 it和强势句中的 it,79 It is quite possible that there is life out there in the universe.在外层宇宙空间有生物是非常可能的。80 H
30、owever it is our common desire,the common wish of our two governments,to see them increasingly developed.然而，我们的共同愿望，即我们两国政府的共同愿望，还是要进一步发展和扩大交流。81 Arabs consider it bad manners to start talking business immediately.阿拉伯人认为立即开始谈正事是一种不礼貌的做法。,10.2.4.4 省略作形式主语或形式宾语的 it,非人称 it和强势句中的 it,82 We think it a pit
31、y that a man like him should not work harder.像他那样的人，不更加努力工作，我们觉得可惜。83 It was raining cats and dogs outside.外面大雨倾盆。84 It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.只有当我们看不清楚时，我们才知道眼睛是多么重要。,10.2.5 省略引导词“that”和某些关系代词,英语中引导主语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句的引导词that在英译汉时必须省略。用来引导限制性定语的英
32、语关系代词在译文中亦通常省略。,10.2.5 省略引导词“that”和某些关系代词,85 He said that the release of the men gave the green light to terrorism.他说，释放这些人就是给恐怖主义分子开绿灯。86 We demanded a guarantee that no similar incident would occur again.我们要求保证不再发生类似事件。87 The plan gives the government a useful tool with which to allocate resources
33、 optimally.这项计划为政府优化资源配置提供了有效手段。,10.2.6 省略句中的省略,中文和英文的省略句并不完全相同。汉译英时要省略汉语省略句的某些词语。89 我把名字写在线上，还是线的上方或下方呢？Shall I write my name on,above or below the line?90 我失骄杨君失柳。I lost my proud poplar,and you(lost)your willow.91 他没去，我也没去。He did not go,nor(neither)did I.92 进来看看怎么样？好啊，我很想看看。Would you come in and h
34、ave a look?Yes,Id like to.,10.2.7 为了修辞效果而省略词语,英文有异叙(syllepsis)的修辞手段，即用一个词同时与两个或两个以上的词语搭配。汉译英时将两个不同的搭配省略为一个词搭配两个词，可以取得这样的修辞效果。,10.2.7 为了修辞效果而省略词语,93 他们有时议议政，有时品品茶。They sometimes take counsel and sometimes tea.94 新当选的领导宣誓后就坐下了。The newly elected leader took the oath and his seat.95 他既发了脾气又掉了帽子。He lost
35、his temper and his hat.96 院长要求我们保持我们公共形象的完整性，让学生都坐在座位上不动。The dean of our college advised us to keep our public image intact and our students in their seats.,10.2.8 省略原文中某些修辞成分,中文句子还常常用叠词，有时我们无法将同一意思并列反复表达，这时需要省略词语。中文和英文的拟声词并不完全对应，有时也习惯上省略词语。各种非生物的声音在英语中通常由专词表达，而在汉语中却往往被简单笼统地加以表达。,10.2.8 省略原文中某些修辞成分,
36、97 这时天空黑云密布，阴阴沉沉，和下午三四点钟的时候大不一样。The sky is now overcast and sullen,so changed from the early afternoon.98 这里那里，螺号阵阵，渔歌声声，近近远远，红旗飘飘，白帆点点，好一派动人的渔乐图啊！What an exciting scene of jubilance!The fishermens conches are trumpeting,their songs ringing,red flags fluttering here and there,and white sails dotting
37、 the sea far and near.,10.2.8 省略原文中某些修辞成分,99 They heard the muffled booming of artillery from afar.他们听见远处大炮隐隐约约地响着。100 The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.收音机的响声在扰乱大家。,10.2.8 省略原文中某些修辞成分,99 They heard the muffled booming of artillery from afar.他们听见远处大炮隐隐约约地响着。100 The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.收音机的响声在扰乱大家。,Homework:Exercise 10,
