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1、Chapter 6The Unit of Translation and Discourse Analysis,The general properties of a text,the tonethe intention of the textyour own intention as a translator the type of the textthe quality of the writingthe permanent features of the writer(dialect,sociolect,period,sex,age,etc)the situation linked to
2、 the readershipthe degree of formality generality or technicalityemotional tone-say the register and the pragmatic features.,Coherence,Consider first its genre Next,consider the structure of the text,the structure of the text:a thesis,an antithesis and a synthesis;an introduction,an entry into the s
3、ubject,aspects and examples,a conclusion;a setting,a complication,a resolution,an evaluation;a definition of the argument of the title,the pros and cons,and the conclusion;a build-up,a climax,and a denouement;a retrospect,an exposition,a prospect.,Punctuation,Punctuation can be potent,but is so easi
4、ly overlooked.We should make a separate comparative punctuation check on their version and the original.Punctuation is an essential aspect of discourse analysis,since it gives a semantic indication of the relationship between sentences and clauses.,COHESION,Next we consider the relations between sen
5、tences.The most common forms these take are connectives denoting addition,contradiction,contrast,result,etc.German notably uses modal connectives.English tend to turn SL complex into co-ordinate sentences on the lines.,OTHER CONNECTIVES,Linguistic synonyms are also used as a cohesive device to avoid
6、 repetition,particularly in a reinforcing sentence.,FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE,Functional sentence perspective(FSP)examines the arrangement of the elements of a sentence in the light of its linguistic,situational and cultural context,determining its function within the paragraph and the text.El
7、ements that belong neither to theme nor rheme are transitional.The thematic elements are communicatively less dynamic,therefore carry a smaller amount of CD than the rhematic elements.Normally one proceeds from the known to the unknown:one begins with the theme,and therefore the new elements with th
8、e highest degree of CD come last in a sentence,In considering the functional,semantic and syntactic aspects of a sentence,the translator may have to weigh the writers functional purposes against the particular languages word-order tendencies(not rules)Further aspects of FSP which are of interest to
9、a translator are the various devices for heightening or frustrating expectation,which may differ in two languages.,CONTRASTS,Climax or focus can also be marked by a negative-positive sequence,where the negative is likely to introduce an opposite or a heightened meaning.Contrasts or oppositions are o
10、ne of the most powerful cohesive factors in discourse.Other types of contrast are normally signalled by comparatives and superlatives.,THE LOWER UNITS OF TRANSLATION,Within the sentence,there are five possible sub-units of translation:the morpheme,the smallest unit of meaning,need not be taken seriously,except in the cases of prefixes the clause and the group are grammatical the collocation and the word are lexical.,Thank you,
