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1、Chapter SevenTranslation of Sentences,Aterriblethoughtsuddenlystruckme-hadIlockedthedoor?我突然产生了一个可怕的想法-我锁门了吗？Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。Thefortyyears,1840-1880,brought almost ten million migrants to America.从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。,Determine the Subject,Differences of
2、Subjects between Chinese and English汉语-主题显著-突出主题而非主语-意合特征-指代形式不明显-可以主语省略英语-主语显著-突出主语而非主题-形合特征-主谓一致-时态、语态和语气变化英语句子构建在主谓轴（subject-predicate pivot）上,Principles：符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗符合英美人的思维方式必须是句中应该突出的信息符合句中的逻辑关系在篇章翻译中，必须符合上下文行文的需要,（1）符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。Customers from variou
3、s countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.,（2）符合英美人的思维方式众所周知，中国在1980年成功发射了第一颗洲际导弹。As is known to all,1980 saw the successful launching of Chinas first intercontinental guide
4、d missile.下倾盆大雨了。It is raining cats and dogs.,（3）是句中应该突出的信息我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。By the end of last year,contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for th
5、e construction of more than 100 medium-and-small sized vessels.,（4）符合句中的逻辑关系我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。We have won one victory after another for our course.我们武汉还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。We have also formulated a series of preferential policies to absord foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation o
6、f old enterprises.,确定主语的方法,（1）以原句主语作译文主语我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。Our house was built over a hundred years ago.如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。Exhaust from boilers and vehicles,uncless properly treated,causes air pollution in cities.如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。If vocabulary is the“building materials”for
7、language,sentences are the“fundamental parts”for writtings.,邮差先生走到街上来，手里拿着一大把信。在这小城里他兼任邮务员、售票员，但仍旧有许多剩余时间，每天戴上老花镜，埋头在公案上剪裁花样。（师陀邮差先生）Mr.Postman would walk up the street with a bundle of letters in his hand.Working in a small town as postman and stamp seller,he still had lots of spare time.Every day
8、he would sit bending over his desk scissor-cutting flower patterns,wearing a pair of glasses for farsighted old people.,（2）重新确定主语他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。He was a giant of a man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of red sandalwood.幸亏这些青年妇女，白洋淀长大的，她们摇地小船
9、飞快。小船活像开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼。It was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river:their boat went like the wind.It shot forward like some flying fish,hardly skimming the water.,鲁迅的骨头是硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。Lu Hsuns bones were the hardest;he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousne
10、ss;this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonialpeoples.Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity,free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.,胎又瘪了。Weve got another flat tire.树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光，没精打采的，是渴睡人的眼。（朱自清荷塘月色）Here and there a
11、few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees,listless as the eyes of one who is dozing.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。It is impossible to We cant judge people from their appearance,just as we cant measure the ocean by pints.,世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic aren
12、a.At the turn of the century,China is very active in its diplomatic activities.注：英语表示某个时间或者地点发生了某事，经常可以用时间或者地点作为句子主语，以see,witness,或者find 等作谓语动词。,去年该地区许多国家发生了严重的金融危机。Last year witnessed a serious financial crisis in many countries of this region.中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日。October 1,1949 saw the founding of
13、 the Peoples Republic of China.南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.,（3）增补主语好极了。It is wonderful.改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。When it comes to reform and opening-up,we must be courageous enough to venture on experiments.,沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中死亡。（鲁迅纪念刘和珍君）Silence,silence!Unless we burst out
14、,we shall perish in this silence!起大风了。Its blowing hard.（下雨了；下雪了；打雷了）,北静王笑道：名不虚传，果然如“宝”似“玉”。“You live up to your name,”remarked the prince.“You are really 1ike precious jade.”得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。Whoever comes first wins a gold medal whereas the one who comes fourth gets nothing.,出了院门，四顾一望，并无二色，远远的是青松翠竹
15、，自己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下，顺着山脚刚转过去，已闻得一股寒香扑鼻，回头一看，却是妙玉那边栊翠庵中有十株红梅，如胭脂一般，映着雪色，分外显得精神，好不有趣。,Once outside his own gate he gazed round.All was white except for some green pines and emerald bamboos in the distance,so that he had the sensation of being in a crystal bowl.As he rounded the foot of the slope he
16、 smelt a cold fragrance and,looking over his shoulder,saw a dozen or so crimsonplum trees in Green Lattice Nunnery where Miaoyu lived,their blossom,red as rouge,reflected in the snow and remarkably vivid against it.,汉语中用时间、地点、工具作表面主语昨晚抓住了三个小偷。Three thieves were caught last night.校园东头盖了一栋房。A house ha
17、s been built on the east of the campus.两把菜刀闹革命。The revolution started with kitchen knives.,大多数高校已将权利下放给系主任。In most colleges and universities，the decision-making rights have been given to department heads明年将出版更多的儿童读物。More books for children will be published next year,Practice,希望今后北京能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。
18、It is hoped that Beijing will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.她从来没想过他会来。It never occurred to her that he would come.2001年中国成功加入世贸。The year 2001 saw Chinas entry into WTO.,Determine the Predicate,Differences of Predicate between Chinese and English（1）汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化，
19、英语的谓语有人称和数的变化，其单、复数和人称要依据主语来定他是一名学生。He is a student.他们是学生。They are students.,（2）汉语谓语动词本身显现不出时间的先后，英语谓语动词有时态、语态、语气的变化本公司全体同仁竭诚为各界服务。Our corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.该产品是市场紧俏产品，既是音响又是精美的高档家具。This product has sold well since it entered the market,not only as an exquisite sound
20、er,but also as a piece of high-grade furniture.,（3）汉语中，名词、形容词、数词和介词短语可直接做谓语，英语中不会出现类似情形，往往要用连系动词to be她今年十八了。She is eighteen this year.北京的秋天最美。Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.,（4）汉语的谓语可以是一个主谓词组，英语的句子不可以用主谓词组充当谓语他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.武汉
21、这个地方，我认为比深圳好。I think Wuhan is better than Shenzhen.,（5）汉语的谓语动词多用主动式，英语的被动句相对较多在记者招待会上，人们问了他许多问题。He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference.据了解，该地区有丰富的自然资源。It is known that there are plenty of natural resources in that area.碗打破了。The bowl is broken.,谓语的确定要基于表意的需要中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。The Cent
22、ral Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.这事到了现在，还是时时记起。Even now,this remains fresh in my memory.Even now,I still often think about this.,我又闲了一个多月啦！Ive been idle for another month now.Another mont
23、h now and Ive had no work.（颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏，（至1903年才得以修复）。The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.,谓语的确定应基于构句的需要九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且健康。六斤的双丫角，已经成为一支大辫子了。Old Mrs.Ninepounde
24、r celebrated her eightith birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints,as hale and hearty as ever.Sixpounders twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.,液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化，因为液体没有自己的固定形状。换言之，无论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own,it varies in
25、shape from container to container.In other words,in whatever container it is poured,the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.,Strategies for Sentences Translation,增词法(Amplification),Lead-in Exercises1.A careful comparison will show you the difference.2.We wont retreat;we neve
26、r have and never will.3.We can learn what we didnt know.4.The middle-aged teacher carried on teaching work in spite of the diseases.5.See Naples and die.6.People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas Kiss.7.The report summed up the new achievements made in cult
27、ure,education and hygiene.8.The local government should take measures to deal with the unemployment.,Keys,1.如果你仔细比较一下，就会发现不同之处。2.我们不后退，我们从来没后退过，将来也决不后退。3.我们能学会我们原来不懂得东西。4.尽管那位中年教师患种种疾病，他仍坚持进行教学工作。5.看了那不勒斯奇景，就是死了也甘心。6.人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过是犹大之吻，居心险恶。7.这篇报告总结了文化、教育和卫生三方面的新成就。8.当地政府应采取措施解决失业问题。,Amplication
28、in C-E TranslationA.为了表示句法结构的完整B.为了保证译文的意思更加明确,Supplementation of Subject,怕是要下雨了。没有调查就没有发言权。努力实现祖国的和平统一。不坚持就会失败。I am afraid it is going to rain.He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland.One will fail unless one persevere.,Su
29、pplementation of“It”,一天天冷了起来。你三星期完成这项设计不容易。尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。我们费了很大力气才解决这个问题。我们这样做都是为了你好。It is getting colder and colder.It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.It is better to try and fail than never try at all.It was with great effort that we solved this problem.It was for your ben
30、efit that we did all that.,Supplementation of Pronoun as Object or“It”as the Antecedent Object,交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Before handing in your translation,you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.他越是要掩盖他的烂伤疤，就越是会暴露。The more he tried to hide his warts
31、,the more he revealed them.,我们认为理论与实践结合是十分重要的。We think it most important that theory should be combined with practices.教师认为，让学生记住，简单地把两种物质混合起来就可能引起化学变化，是很重要的。The teacher consider it important for the students to remember that simply mixing two materials may bring about a chemical change.,Supplementa
32、tion for Explicitness,A班学习成绩很好。The students in Class A have won a briliant academic record.谁都知道朝鲜战场是相当艰苦的。Everyone knows that life on the Korean battlefield was hard.窝藏不报者，须受相当的处分。Persons who shelter undesirable elements and do not report them to the authorities concerned shall be duly punished.,结婚大
33、办酒席，实在可以免去了。The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.也许您忘记了月份的购货帐还没有结算。Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet bee settled.努力学习吧！努力学习三年五载，你就会精通英语了。Study hard!Study hard for three to five years!By that time,you will be p
34、roficient in English.李先生病了，我们得找个人代替他。Mr.Li fell ill,thus making it necessary for us to find a substitute for him.,Exercises,当老师应当有耐心。他看上去有些忧郁不安。虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。温度增高，水的体积就增大。A teacher should have patience in his work.He looked gloomy and troubled.Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes on
35、e lag behind.As the temperature increases,the volume of water becomes greater.,必须勤学苦练，才能掌握一种外国语。1958年我国生产了第一台电子计算机。用这种办法办，听起来有道理。One must have studied hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.The first electronic computer was produced in our country in 1958.It sounds reasonable
36、to do it this way.,查字典和记生词费了不少时间。看起来他们不大可能准时到达了。我看，最好还是让孩子现在就干他的活吧。It took me a lot of time to consult the dictionary and memorize the new words.It appears unlikely for them to arrive on time.I think it best for the boy to do his work now.,减词法（Omission),A汉语中有些词、词组或成分等经常重复使用，以增强句子的气势，如果照样一连串地译成英语的话，往
37、往不合英语的习惯，英译时一般只须译出其中的一个，其余可以略而不译。e.g.青年人的觉悟如何，道德品质如何，知识水平如何，直接关系着社会主义建设的速度，关系着祖国的未来。How the youth comes up in political cosciousness,in moral qualties and in intellectual attainments has a direct bearing on the speed of socialist construction and the future of our motherland.,大力改革有理，大力改革有功，大力改革光荣。It
38、 is justifiable,meritorious and glorious to go in for reform in a big way.俘虏望望沈明，又望望其他的人，没有说下去。Looking at Shen Ming,then at the others,the prisoner of war fell silent.郭末若同志曾说：“中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。”Comrade Guo Moruo once said,“The people of China have always been courageous in exploration,innovati
39、on and revolution.”,B在汉语中，有时为了明确，往往需要将动词和一些关键性的名词建议重复，英译时有时只须出现一次,在我们系，王先生教修辞学，李先生教语言学，黄先生教翻译课In our Department,Mr.Wang takes up teaching rhetoric,Mr.Li,linguistics and Mr.Huang,translation.他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.在化学公式中，表示氢的符号是H；表示氧的符号是O，表示氮的符号是N。In
40、the chemical formula,the symbol for hydrogen is H,for Oxygen,O,for nitrogen,N.,质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带正电，也不带负电。A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,but a neutron has neither.他们谈到19世纪外国对中国的干涉，谈到毛泽东在30年代中期的长征，还谈到法国革命和美国革命。They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in Chi
41、na,Maos Long March in the mid 1930s,the French and American revolution.,C汉语中有一些特定的名词，既有具体的含义，又可以用来表示范畴。如“情绪不高”中“情绪”一词就有具体的含义，英译时必须译出(be in low spirit)。而“防止急躁情绪”中的“情绪”则是表明范畴。英译时不必译出（仅译为guard against rashness),这里“急躁”本身就是一种情绪，在汉语中“情绪”一词仅用来表明“急躁”所属的范畴。这类名词还有“现象”、“事业”、“事”、“状态”、“局面”、“任务”、“工作”、“制度”、“问题”、“手
42、段”、“方法”等。,分子处于永恒的运动状态中。The molecules are perpetually in motion.对于国民经济各方面的问题，必须进一步考虑。The various aspects of national economy must be taken into consideration.现在不再有争夺，挨饿的事了。There is no more scrambling and starving.我们必须进行积极的宣传工作以控制生育。We must carry on an active publicity to get birth under control.,在党的领
43、导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。Under the leadership of the Party,the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation.基于伊拉克目前社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面，中国驻伊拉克大使馆已经向德国订购了两辆防弹轿车。The Chinese embassy in Iraq has ordered two bulletproof cars from Germany due to the social unrest and upheaval in Iraq at present.,多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。F
44、or many years,there has been serious unemployment in that country.我们必须培养分析问题，解决问题的能力。We must cultivate the ability to analyse and solve the problems.他们是亲密无间的朋友。They are close/bosom/intimate friends.这些新型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。The new cars are fast,efficient and handy.,Exercise,我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则
45、吧。他的傲慢态度使谁都不喜欢他。过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不相信了。工业化事业正稳步向前发展。有时他们的脸冻了，有时腿冻了，手冻了。这样，他在身心两方面都成长起来了。这一下不仅震痛了她的手，也震痛了他的肩膀。,We should be loyal to our Party,to our people and to our motherland.Lets revise our safety and sanitary regulations.His arrogance made everyone dislike him.I believed that too.But I dont now.In
46、dustrialization is making steady headway.Sometimes their faces froze,sometimes their feet and their hands.Thus,he grew in body and soul.The blow hurt not only her hands but his shoulders too.,Conversion(词类转换）,1.相对于英语而言，汉语的动词更加丰富，用的较多。往往在英语句子中，只有一个谓语动词，在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。（语言的特点）。2.如果采用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方法来逐
47、词进行对译，译文未免显得机械、呆板，如果能够灵活地采用词类转换法，则既能够忠实原文，又能够使译文更加贴切、地道。3.汉语在用动词的地方，英语中可以用动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词等各种词类来译。,Verbs to be Converted into Nouns汉语的特点之一就是动词占优势。One of the characteristics of Chinese language is the predominance of the verb.一切爱好和平的人们都要求禁止原子弹。All peace loving people demand the prohibition of atomatic
48、 weapons.选择朋友，越谨慎越好。One can never be too careful in the choice of ones friends.绝对不许违反这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.,他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。He laid special stress on raising the
49、 quality of the products in his speech.我们必须充分利用现有的技术设备。We must make full use of the existing technical equpiments.林则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片销毁。Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium should be preceded by a destruction of the drug itself.他善于观察。He is a keen observer.这本书反映了30年代的中国社
50、会。This book is a reflection of the Chinese society in the 1930s.,Verbs to be Converted into Adjectives他非常清楚自己的缺点。He is quite aware of his shortcomings.他好心帮助我，我很感激他。I am grateful to him for his kind help.我不知道他们想要干什么。I am ignorant of what they intend to do.他们怀疑这是否是真的。They are doubtful whether it is tr
