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1、Lesson Two,Marrakech,Aims,To know the writing technique of exposition.To learn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp.the use of examples.To appreciate the language features,Teaching Contents,1.Exposition 2.George Orwell2.Detailed study of the text3.Organizational pattern4.Language feat
2、ures5.Exercises,Time allocation,1.Background information(15 min.)2.Detailed study of the text(120 min.)3.Structure analysis(15 min.)4.Language appreciation(15 min.)5.Exercises(15 min),Exposition,Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student,a scientist,or a prof
3、essional.Exposition-expounding explaining,Exposition,An expository paper explains or explores something,such as the process of making a machine,the causes of a natural or social phenomenon,the planning of a project,or the solution of a problem.,Exposition,Description-deals with appearances and feeli
4、ngs Narration-deals with events and experience Exposition-deals with processes and relationships,Exposition,Things can be explained by,Definition,The key to a definition is concreteness.One has to give concrete facts to make a definition effective.,2.Listing,We must have enough number of items to be
5、 listed.Then,if possible,arrange the items in the graded order of increasing importance.,3.Examples,Its the simplest,the most common,best method.,4.Classification,We have to follow a system consistently.The categories of division should be mutually exclusive.There should be no overlapping.One item c
6、an belong to one category and only one.,5.Comparison and contrast,We liken one thing to another by pointing out their similarities(comparison)We emphasize the difference between the two.(contrast),6.Analysis,We may discuss the cause and effect of a historical event,its nature and its significance in
7、 history.,Exposition,The writer appeals to a readers understanding with verifiable facts and valid information,explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation.Thus he must organize and develop his thought objectively and present it with hone
8、sty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.,Exposition,1.generally the writer makes a statement of the central thought or of his purpose quite early.This statement is sometimes called the thesis,and may even be the title of the piece.2.Sometimes the writer may
9、first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.,The Text,It is an exposition,a political essay.Orwell leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning colonialism and its results.He has shown the reader how millions of people can be ignored and treated as
10、less than human.,Theme-,The suffering and misery of the colonial people in MarrakechThe writer gives descriptions by examples.The objective presentation of examples show that the people in colonial countries are poverty-stricken.,George Orwell,A British novelist and essayist between the two world wa
11、rs*image-1*http:/etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/He is mush praised in the west partly because of his anti-communist point of view.He was born in India,father,a so called empire-builder-serving the British government abroad.,George Orwell,He received good education in Britain and studi
12、ed in the most famous school Eden“.,George Orwell,He travelled widely.Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to.His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism.He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.,George Orwell,He joined Spanish War.He wa
13、s seriously wounded.The Spanish socialist forces divided into faction.The faction he belonged to was persecuted.So he became so pessimistic and depressed,which led him toward anti-communist attitude.,George Orwell,Animal Farm-a political fable*image-2*Each animal represents a certain human character
14、,meant to criticise Stalins socialism.,George Orwell,In reading his works,several aspects draw our attention:1.His works show sharp powers of observation and deep sympathy for suffering people.2.His works give a deep sense of conviction and urgency.,George Orwell,3.The use of English is clear,simple
15、 and direct,with no formality of embellishment.(addition/decoration)He said his ideal was to write prose like a window pane._ as clear as glass,Detailed study of the text,Marrakech*2image-3,4,5*,Detailed study of the text,As the corpse.The opening paragraph is very dramatic.The choice of this scene
16、and the words he uses implies much more than what appears on the surface.1)dirty 2)poor,in a cloud-,a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass a cloud of insects,crowd-,It suggests 1)the lack of order2)people are not terribly concerned about the funeral.,all men and boys,no wome
17、n,According to Muslim law,Muslims must respect women,and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house,where they could be safe.When they went out,they wore the veils to cover their faces.But this law has become a kind of excuse to discriminate against women.,pomegranates-,refers to t
18、he fruit of the pomegranate tree,a native of Asia.It is a round reddish fruit with a mild flavour.The word comes to English from the old French.pome-apple granate-having many seeds,chant-,1.a word or group of words that is repeated over and over again,usually by more than one person.2.a religious pr
19、ayer or song that is spoken or sung on only a very few notes so that there is not much variation in it.,appeal to-,If something appeals to you,you find it attractive or interesting attract/interest/fascinateThese books are designed to appeal to children.The idea of becoming director of the factory a
20、ppealed to him.,identify-,recognise;be able to name Can you identify your umbrella among a hundred others?Schoolboys could identify almost every car as it passed by.,derelict building-lot,It would be an ugly,forgotten,abandoned place where a building was begun but never finished.derelict-comes from
21、the Latin word meaning“to abandon”,#2,How people are buried in Marrakech wail a short chant hack an oblong hole(dig without care)dump the body fling over it a little of the dried-up earthThe fact shows the human life has no value at all.,The thesis,-All colonial empire.It is the colonial empires tha
22、t make the people so poor.Empires are built up by treating the people in the colonies like animals.This thesis is going to be supported by more illustrations and examples.,Rhetorical questions,-What sort of audience Orwell had in mind when he wrote this essay?-Clearly he is writing to readers of his
23、 own race and general class.So if you say yes,why dont they appear to be so?,undifferentiated-,You cant differentiate one brown stuff from another,because they look just the same.If they do have individuality,it is irrecognizable,just like insects,like bees.,regularity-,a state or situation in which
24、 things happen repeatedly There is no regularity about his work.He makes the same stupid suggestion with great regularity.His heart beats with the regularity of a clock pendulum.,a gazelle-,*image-7*gazellea hoofed mammal with a slender neck and ringed horns.Gazelles are famous for their grace and b
25、eauty,and are native to Africa and Asia,mint sauce-,*2imge-8 mint sauce*an English specialty made of a combination of chopped mint leaves,vinegar,and water.Its traditionally served with roast lamb.,stow-,to put,hide away in safe place If you stow sth.somewhere,you put it neatly away in a place where
26、 it can be kept until it is needed.=storestow away=hide,stow,We stowed all the boxes in the attic.Potatoes must be stowed in a cool dark place.My jewellery is safely stowed away in the bank.His baggage was safely stowed away in the plane.,#815,The writer described the plight of the Jews,an poorest m
27、inority in a colonial country.Their fate could be worse than that of the natives.,quarters-,apartment(room/house)residential area for particular kind of peoplethe doctors quartersservants quartersofficers quartersconfined to quarterssleeping quarters,ghettoes or ghettos,Orwell uses ghettos here in t
28、he traditional sense of a portion of a city populated almost exclusively by Jews.A ghetto is a part of a town or city in which many poor people or many people of a particular race,religion,or nationality live in isolation from the majority group in the town or city.,ghettoes or ghettos,Its about thi
29、s black kid growing up in the ghetto.-ghetto life in European cities-slums and ghettos,overcrowding-,adv+v ing dry-cleaning over-eating updating downgrading,sore-eyed-,Eyes are infested from 1.malnutrition 2.lack of medical care 3.unhygienic condition,skull-cap-,a close-fitting brimless capIt is oft
30、en worn indoors and often by Orthodox Jews.Men who strictly practice Judaism are never supposed to have their heads bared.There must be some piece of cloth etc.between man and God.,infest-,When insects,rats or other animals infest a plant,area,they spread in a large numbers and cover the area,usuall
31、y causing damage.overrun;swarm;pack;crowd;teem;flood;fill;be thick withfly-infested-full of fliesThe back yard was infested by rats.,booth-,a stall for selling goodspublic telephone boothan announcer bootha motion picture projection booth,prehistoric-,ancient;out-of-date or old-fashioned His ideas o
32、n morals are really prehistoric.(derog or humor)Is Simons prehistoric car still working?,lathe-,a machine for shaping wood,metal,warp-,to cause to bend,curve,or twist out of shape The hot sun warped the boards.Some gramophone records warp in very hot weather.,frenzied adj.,full of uncontrolled excit
33、ementWill this push him too far and lead to a frenzied attack?She was climbing now with a sort of frenzied haste.-a frenzied mob of over a thousand student-make frenzied efforts,self-contained-,self sufficient A self-contained community is one in which all or nearly all the needs of the community ar
34、e met from within.There is little need to go outside for material or cultural desires.The Jewish ghettos are self-contained not only by preference but also by necessity,since Jews may have been unwelcome outside.,a good job-coll.BrE,a fortunate state of affairs This restaurant is not cheap,so its a
35、good job youve brought plenty of money.Hes gone,and a good job too.,Thats only for show-,The Jew only pretends to work as a poor labourer.show-n.sth false or superficial,pretence I make a show of interest,but I really couldnt have cared less.He put on a good show,but he didnt deceive anyone.He is no
36、t really ill;he is just putting on a show.,witchcraft-,Orwell is probably referring to many occasions in the 1600s in both England and America when innocent women were tried and often burned or otherwise punished for witchcraft.By the very nature of the charge it was impossible for the accused to de
37、fend herself,just as it was for the Jews.And like the Jews witches served as scapegoats for the ills of society that couldnt be explained.Such trials reached their peak in America at Salem,Massachusetts.,#1617,Have you already sensed out the tone?Orwell here is extremely bitter and ironical.He didnt
38、 openly criticize the white colonialists who paid no attention to the people who suffer from poverty and misery.Instead,he pretends that they have a sound reason to ignore such people.The people simply cannot be seen because they are of the color of the earth.,In a hot country,You dont even see the
39、labore ploughing the field.South of Gibralter-all countries or ear in North AfricaEast of Suez-the middle-east Asian countries,It is only because of this,“This”here stands for the fact that people always miss the peasants laboring in the fields because they have the color of the earth.It is only bec
40、ause of this reason that these poor starved countries are accepted as tourist resorts.,What does Morocco mean.,Morocco being a French colony,to many Frenchmen Morocco has no more meaning than a place where they might find a government job,buy an orange grove with their money or invest his money.To a
41、n Englishman Morocco means nothing but a romantic,mysterious country which he has read in the novels.Camels,castles are the romantic bits in his mind by the novels.,erode-,wear away;eat into If rock or soil erodes or is eroded by the weather,sea or wind,it cracks and breaks so that it is gradually d
42、estroyed.Rain and rivers eroded the soft sand-stones.,desolate-,barren;(of a place)in a ruined and neglected state1.If sth is desolate,it is empty of people and lacking in comfort.2.If sb.is desolate,they feel very sad,lonely and without hope.The forest was left desolate by the fire.After the war th
43、e town was a desolate place.She has been desolate since losing her job.,desolate-,v.-The land was desolated by floods.We were desolated by the death of our good friend.,lucerne-,*2image-9*named from the French Luzerne(glow worn-from its shiny seeds)is more commonly called alfalfa.It is widely cultiv
44、ated and used as forage.,fodder-n.,rough food for cattle or horses,gathered from the fields and storedspike-n.long pointed piece of metal with an outward or upward pointharrow-n.heavy frame with metal teeth or disks for breaking up ground after ploughing,This is as much equal to,The animals yoked to
45、 the plough had just enough strength to plough the soil to a depth of about four inches.They could not make deeper furrows.,get at,to reach Marrakech is very dry.Even at a depth of 30 or 40 feet there is only but a trickle of water.,Para 19.,Miserable life of women,I suppose that,The author gave the
46、 old woman a little money.The response was a shrill wail for she was greatly surprised.The old woman was fully accustomed to her miserable existence and to not being taken notice of by any one,so she almost considered the author to be doing something unnatural by giving her the money.,She accepted h
47、er,She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the society,that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.,St.Bernard dog-,*2image-10*A Saint Bernard dog is a large,strong dog,the breed of which comes from Switzerland.These dogs are often used as a patrol dogs in th
48、e mountains.The name comes from the monks of the Saint Bernard monastery who made use of the breed.,fifteen-hands mule,A mule about 60 inches or 5 feet high,infuriate-v.,fill with fury or rage outrage;aggravate;enrage;provoke,Comparison,Donkey and WomanBoth are overloaded.Both are willing creatures.
49、Both are small.Both are ill-treated.Both have an miserable end.,Comparison,Donkey and WomanVisibleInvisibleImplication-Women are worse treated.,Para.22.As the storks,The passive plodding,earth-bound blacks are contrasted with the glittering white birds so great,pure and lofty who sail above them in
50、the sky.While the former are weighed down by heavy packs,are sweating and uncomfortably hot,the latter are to soar unfettered in the cool sky above,Contrast,Stork-northNegro south,clump and clatter,onomatopoeia words describing the sound of boots and iron wheels as they moved over the road.,Senegale
