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1、Citizens of the world benefits system introduced,世界各国公民福利制度介绍,瑞典是世界上福利最好的国家之一，瑞典等北欧国家的福利制度，可以用一句话来形容，那就是“从摇篮到坟墓”无所不包。北欧国家制订了全球最完善、以税收为基础的福利制度，这套体系包括：教育资助、免费医疗、失业救济、老人照料、养老金支付、残疾人救助、单亲父母津贴、家庭和儿童保护等各个方面。可以说，政府对公民照顾得无微不至。瑞典的社会福利制度萌生于第一次世界大战之前，当时以德国为样板，对部分在职职工实行了包括工伤、疾病和养老金等在内的社会保险，稍后又实行了失业保险。福利制度在一定程度上
2、是一种把贫富“拉平”的政策。以住宅为例，瑞典其住宅制度被列入社会保障制度。瑞典政府住宅政策的目标是使每个人都能获得一所足够宽敞和舒适且环境优美的住所。社会已把获得够标准的住宅认为是人们的一种社会权利。瑞典住房的数量和质量，都已跨入了世界最高水平的行列。,瑞典社会福利制度,Swedish social welfare system Sweden is the worlds one of the best benefits,Sweden and other Nordic countries,the welfare system can be described in one sentence,th
3、at is,from cradle to grave all-encompassing.The Nordic countries have developed the worlds most perfect,tax-based welfare system,this system includes:Grants,free medical care,unemployment benefits,the elderly care,pension payments,disabled assistance,single parent allowance,family and child protecti
4、on aspects.Can be said that the government take care of perhaps its citizens.Swedens social welfare system before the initiation of the First World War,when Germany as a model,on the part of the implementation of active employees,including injury,disease,and social security pensions,etc.,and later i
5、ntroduced unemployment insurance.,Welfare system to some extent,the rich and the poor is a leveling policy.To housing for example,the housing system was included in the Swedish social security system.Swedish government housing policy goal is to make everyone get an adequate and comfortable and spaci
6、ous accommodation and beautiful environment.Have access to sufficient standards of social housing that people of a social right.The quantity and quality of housing in Sweden,have entered the ranks of the worlds highest level,加拿大拥有世界最佳的社会福利制度，其公费医疗制度、家庭辅助金，退休养老金、失业津贴、损伤辅助、社会救济金等都是最优良的社会福利制度，公民和永久居民可以
7、说是老有所养，病有所医。到达加拿大后要办的几件事之一是申请社会保险号。这个九位数的号码是你可以工作、付税、使用政府各项服务等的身份代码。申请银行户头、电话号码等许多时候也都要求有社会保险号。不要将你的社会保险号随便告知他人。社会保险号应到所在城市的就业中心（Employment Center）申请。大部分福利计划都是针对某种有特别需要的人的，你必须符合这类人的条件。有些福利可能是你得曾经付过钱给该计划才被认可。有些个人和家庭可能同时符合几种福利计划的申请条件。需分开申请。申请时必须有社会保险号码。,加拿大社会福利制度,Canadian social welfare system,Canada
8、has the worlds best social welfare system,the public health system,family support payments,retirement pensions,unemployment benefits,injury assistance,social benefits are all the best social welfare system,citizens and permanent residents can be said to be old some support,medical.After arrival in C
9、anada is one of a few things to do to apply for social security number.The nine-digit number that you can work,pay taxes,the use of government services such as code.Apply for a bank account,telephone number,and many times also are required to have Social Security numbers.,Do not your Social Security
10、 number to anyone casually.Social Security number should go to the citys employment centers(Employment Center)application.Most welfare programs are directed at a person with special needs,you must meet the conditions for such people.Some benefits may have to pay any money you have to give the progra
11、m are accepted and approved.Some individuals and families may also apply for welfare programs meet several conditions.A separate application required.Application must have Social Security numbers.,法国人共享有400多种福利补贴，政府每年从国库里拿出大量的资金用于各种福利补贴。孩子从母亲受孕后的第五个月起，一直到他长大成人直至死亡，就享受这400多种福利中的某项。法国再分配的主要特点是全民享有，包括农
12、民和外国人，越穷享受的福利越多。外国人只要在法国有合法居留身份，就能和法国国民一样享受某些福利，没有任何歧视，笔者在法国也享受他们的住房补贴等福利。当然，法国分配制度的公平化是和法国工人阶级不断斗争分不开的。笔者曾考察了法国人民为捍卫社会保险制度的斗争。在一次工人和公务员举行的全国游行示威时，见一个男孩背着一块标语牌，上面写着:“我今天游行是为了我的明天”;一位退休的老人举着的标语上面则写着:“我们游行是为了我们的子孙后代”。,法国社会福利制度,French social welfare system,400 French people share a variety of benefits
13、subsidy,the government pulled out from the national treasury every year a lot of money for various welfare benefits.The child from the mother after the first five months of pregnancy,has been growing up until his death,to enjoy the 400 in a variety of benefits.Redistribution of the main characterist
14、ics of the French universal access,including farmers and foreigners,the more the welfare of the poor to enjoy more.As long as foreigners have a legal residence status in France,and France will be able to enjoy certain benefits as nationals,without any discrimination,the author in France to enjoy the
15、ir housing subsidies and other benefits.,Of course,the fairness of the distribution system in France and France is inseparable from the working class continue to struggle.I have inspected the French people for the struggle to defend the social security system.Workers and civil servants in a demonstr
16、ation at the National when,see a boy carrying a placard that read:Today I march for my future;a retired old man holding a banner above the words:We march to our children and grandchildren.,英国社会福利制度,1934年，英国在保险救济金之外设计出了一个全国统一的收入审查救济金计划，由失业救助委员会(UnemploymentAssistanceBoard，UAB)管理。至此开始了合理化进程。这个新机构就是194
17、8年国家补助委员会的前身。1934年，为失业者提供收入审查救济金的责任被转移到这个全国性的组织。1940年，又在原有责任的基础上增加了为老年人提供的类似救济金。1941年，又把多数由资力审查决定的现金援助纳入其责任范围。至1948年，维持收入的责任落到了国家补助委员会(Nati6nalAsmstanceBoard)。入院照顾问题和其他福利服务的问题归地方福利部门负责。二战结束后，英国政府立即着手进行福利国家建设。首先，建立了完善的社会保障法律体系。1946年，英国颁布了国民保险法和国民医疗保健法。1948年颁布了国民救济法。这三个法律的实施标志着英国已经建成了全面的社会保障制度。其次，统一了社
18、会保障事务的管理体制。虽然从模式上看是起源于英国，但事实上英国在战后宣布建成福利国家之后由于种种原因已经在相当程度上背离了普享性原则、统一性原则、均一性原则。当这一福利国家理念被推广到欧洲其他国家时，北欧国家全盘接受并发扬光大，成为西方福利国家的“橱窗”。在西方国家福利制度中，社会公正这一概念始终包含着两重涵义：一是机会的平等，即制度的平等问题，二是国家保护人的转移支付，即再分配作用问题。前者强调“社会权利”，后者强调“削减贫困”。,从财政的角度讲，社会公正也好，社会权利也罢，一个主要体现就是国家的财政转移支付，这是社会权利的物质形态或说物质保证。但是，当福利国家不堪重负，福利制度成为国家的包
19、袱时，改革便发生了，就有学者出来对公正二字做出了别样的学术诠释，例如，2004年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者普雷斯科特的语言来说，社会公正就是“保持时间一致性”：现收现付福利制度的再分配功能是不公平的，因为它是大锅饭，他人占有自己的劳动就会丧失劳动的激励机制，这才是不公正的，其结果就必然是人们不愿意再去储蓄也不愿意去工作了。实际上，完全的全民福利模式，在任何国家包括英国和北欧国家也没有完全实现。例如，在英国，“全民低保”从来就没有真正地实现过，其相当的非缴费型给付都是针对一定的目标群体进行的。,British social welfare system,In 1934,the United Kingd
20、om than in the design of the insurance benefits of a unified national program income test benefits from the unemployment Rescue Committee(UnemploymentAssistanceBoard,UAB)management.Thus began the rationalization process.The new body is the Committee in 1948,the predecessor of state subsidies.1934,to
21、 provide income for the unemployed responsibility for review of benefits was transferred to the national organization.1940,and on the basis of the original increase of the responsibility for older people similar to the relief fund.In 1941,again reviewed the majority decision by the financial viabili
22、ty of cash assistance into their areas of responsibility.To 1948,income maintenance responsibility falls to state aid the Commission(Nati6nalAsmstanceBoard).Hospital care issues and other issues of welfare services to the local welfare department.After World War II,the British Government to immediat
23、ely proceed with the construction of the welfare state.First,the establishment of a sound legal system of social security.,In 1946,Britain enacted the National Insurance Act and the National Health Act.1948,promulgated the National Relief Act.Marks the implementation of these three laws the British
24、have built a comprehensive social security system.Second,the unified system of social security affairs.Although the point of view is from the model originated in the UK,but in fact the British welfare state after the war declared after the completion of a variety of reasons has a considerable extent
25、 a departure from the general principle of sharing,unity principles,the principle of uniformity.When this concept of the welfare state was extended to other European countries,the Nordic countries accept it and carry forward,the Western welfare state window.Welfare system in Western countries,the co
26、ncept of social justice has always included the double meaning:first,equality of opportunity,that is the system of equality,and second,the protection of human state transfer payments,the role of the redistribution.The former emphasis on social rights,which stressed that poverty reduction.,From a fin
27、ancial perspective,social justice,Ye Hao,social rights,worth mentioning,one is mainly reflected the countrys fiscal transfer payment,which is the material form of social rights,or that the material guarantee.However,when the welfare state overwhelmed the welfare system become the countrys burden,ref
28、orm will happen,some scholars have made the word out on just a different kind of academic interpretation,for example,Nobel Laureate in Economics 2004,S&P Juarez Cotes language,social justice is the hold time consistency:is income redistribution system is overpayment is unfair,because it is the big p
29、ot,others will lose possession of their own labor incentives work mechanism,this is unfair,the result is that people do not want to necessarily go to savings is not willing to go to work.In fact,the complete universal welfare model,in any country,including the United Kingdom and the Nordic countries
30、 have not fully realized.For example,in the United Kingdom,National minimal assurance has never really realized before,the rather non-contributory benefits are targeted at certain,The target groups carried out.,在芬兰，只要是芬兰公民，一出生就享受政府的各种补贴，人人都有接受终身教育的平等机会，从幼儿园到大学都享受免费教育。如果公民失业，前两年可领的失业救济为原收入的70%。芬兰政府还为
31、国民提供免费、高质量的医疗和教育服务。北欧模式，很多人称之为“福利国家模式”，其突出特征是国家通过各种法定的福利保障计划形成一种体制，建立一种社会保障网，实行从“摇篮到坟墓”的高度社会福利，涵盖社会保障、社会福利、社会服务和社会补助等方面，使个人不因生、老、病、残等原因而影响正常的生活。北欧的社会保障虽比较健全，但经费并不是完全由国家负担。长期以来，瑞典、芬兰等国的社会保障所需资金筹措一直是采取多元渠道，即由政府、雇主、个人和保险市场共同负担。当然，政府在社会保障资金上是大头，约占40%以上。在北欧国家中，社会保障费用占国内生产总值的比重一般比较高，瑞典为35%左右，在芬兰达到38%。相比较而
32、言，美国为18%、日本为11%都相对较低。北欧国家的这种高福利制度的运转是以高税收为基础的，即高福利要通过高税收来实现，高税收目的在于通过税收杠杆调节社会分配，保障国民的福利,芬兰社会福利制度,“羊毛出在羊身上”，没有了高税收，也就没有了高福利。芬兰、瑞典等北欧国家均实行高额税收和大幅度的累进收入税，以保证社会福利的开支。从欧盟统计局公布的数字看，芬兰最高所得税超过50%，2004年芬兰的税收占GDP的比例达到43%，与丹麦、瑞典等其他北欧国家一道在世界的排名都是高的。瑞典对现金福利也要征税，瑞典人平均要拿出60%以上的收入交纳各种税费，2005年瑞典税收总额占当年国内生产总值的比重高达52.
33、1%。高税收、高福利带来的结果是收入差距较小、社会平等感强，芬兰、瑞典均属于世界上收入差距较小的国家。高福利有赖于公平的分配体制。经济的发展并不会自动地带来社会公平，社会公平的实现不是一个财富积累到一定程度就自然而然实现的过程，它不仅需要一定的制度基础、文化传统，更重要的是要建构一个公平的分配体制。在某种意义上可以说，相对于财富积累而言，一个较为公平的分配体制对于保持社会公平可能更为重要。因此，北欧国家都非常重视建立一个促进社会公平的分配制度。,Finnish social welfare system,In Finland,as long as Finnish citizen,born to
34、 enjoy the various government subsidies,everyone has equal opportunity to accept life-long education,from kindergarten to university free education.If the citizens of unemployment,the first two years of unemployment benefits can receive 70%of the original income.The national Government of Finland al
35、so provide free,quality health and education services.Nordic model,many people called the welfare state model,its outstanding feature is the welfare state through a variety of statutory schemes to form a system,and establish a social safety net,the implementation of from cradle to grave high level o
36、f social welfare,covering social security,social welfare,social services and social assistance,etc.,so that individuals are not due to birth,old age,sickness,disability and other factors affecting normal life.,Although the Nordic relatively sound social security,but is not funded entirely by the sta
37、te.For a long time,Sweden,Finland and other countries the financing of social security has been required to take multiple channels,that is,from the Government,employers,individuals and insurance markets share the burden.Of course,the Government is the bulk of social security funds,accounting for abo
38、ut 40%.In the Nordic countries,social security costs account for the proportion of GDP generally high,around 35%in Sweden,in Finland to 38%.In comparison,18%of the United States,Japan,11%are relatively low.Nordic countries,the operation of this high-welfare system is based on high taxes,high welfare
39、 that is achieved through high taxes,high taxes aimed at regulating social distribution through the tax lever to safeguard the welfare of citizens.Fleece,without the high taxes,there will be no high welfare.Finland,Sweden and other Nordic countries have high taxes and substantial implementation of a
40、 progressive income tax,to ensure that social welfare spending.Released from the Eurostat,丹麦的高福利公立学校是不用交学费的，而且对丹麦学生来说，政府每月都有补助，补助足以支付每月的开支。学生的成绩是13分制，6分就及格，11分以上就很不错了。电脑上网是免费的，这是北欧的福利制度，不是任何地方都可以享受得到的。每个学生都可以得到一个免费上网帐号，而且还能免费打印 500张纸（每学期）。AOF是免费学习丹麦语的地方，不光是免学费，而且提供书本、铅笔，甚至免费的饮料，不可想像吧！这都是高税收、高福利的好处。在
41、丹麦绝对可以自由地学习，自由地支配自己的时间，一切都是自己做主。,丹麦社会福利制度,The figures,the highest income tax more than 50%in Finland,Finland in 2004 the tax-GDP ratio reached 43%,with Denmark,Sweden and other Nordic countries,a ranking in the world are high.To tax on cash welfare in Sweden,Swedes take an average of more than 60%of
42、 the income to pay various taxes and fees,total tax revenue in 2005 accounting for the Swedish gross domestic product,up to 52.1%.High taxes,high welfare consequences of income gap between small and strong sense of social equality,Finland,Sweden,income disparities are among the worlds smaller countr
43、ies.High welfare depends on a fair distribution system.Economic development does not automatically bring about social justice and achieving social justice is not an accumulation of wealth to a certain extent to achieve a natural process,it requires not only the basis of certain system,cultural tradi
44、tions,more importantly,to build a fair distribution system.In a sense can be said with respect to the accumulation of wealth is concerned,a more equitable distribution system for maintaining social equity may be more important.,Danish social welfare system,Denmarks high welfare do not pay tuition fe
45、es in public schools,and students in Denmark,the Government every month subsidy,subsidy sufficient to cover monthly expenses.Student achievement is the 13-point,6 points to pass more than 11 points is very good.Computer access is free,which is the Nordic welfare system is not any place can enjoy the
46、 benefits of.Each student can receive a free Internet account,but also free to print 500 sheets of paper(per semester).AOF is a free place to learn Danish,not only free tuition,and provide books,pencils,or even free Drinks,not imagine it!These are high taxes,high welfare benefits.In Denmark you are
47、absolutely free to learn,freedom to spend their time,all themselves.,美国现行的社会福利制度是从1936年社会安全法案实行之后，逐步完善起来的。社会安全法案包含如下几类福利措施：1、联邦社会保险 联邦社会保险是为就职人士设立的，在职或曾经工作过的本人及其家属都可参加，主要包括退休金、抚恤金、伤残金和医疗福利等。2、失业补助金 只要是遭辞退失业的，不管有无积蓄都可申请。一般补助期是6至9个月，按各州不同情况可能会有所延长。3、公共援助金 专为低收入或无收入的失明者、老人、残障者及无收入的家庭而设。由州政府按各自生活条件发放，申请
48、者将接受调查以证明有申领资格。4、孕妇与儿童福利 为保护和增进孕妇及儿童的健康而设，并不分派现金，而是提供健康服务。社会安全法案 社会安全法案是全国性的，为保障所有人的权益而设立。除公共援助金外，大部分福利措施是不论贫富人人皆得的。值得一提的是，社安局规定，领取社会安全金的人员不一定要住在美国境内，以方便生活在海外的退休人士。除了社会安全法案所包括的上述福利政策之外，美国还有很多涉及生活、工作各个方面的社会福利，比较常见的有以下几类：,美国的社会福利制度,一、工作保险 1、失业保险金 失业保险金是一种保险制度。每月从受保人工资中扣除部分来投保，受保人一旦失业即可获赔，获赔金额一般是原工资的一半
49、。2、工人赔偿金 由雇主向州政府或保险公司投保，工人因工受伤即可申领。具体赔偿金额和时期由雇主所交的保费多少而定，同时也能报销一定的医疗费用。工人赔偿金非美籍人士亦可申请，且不会影响他日转换身份或入籍。3、州立伤残保险金 全美只有加州、纽约州、新泽西州、夏威夷和波多黎各设有此类保险金，专为因短期疾病暂不能工作的人员而设。换言之，受保人在得病期间必须是受雇的，复原后重新开始工作，保险金就停止赔付。二、生活补助 1、粮食券 美国联邦农业部拨款给州政府发放粮食券，只可换取美国出产的农作物，不能换取金钱，以救济收入低微的家庭。2、学校提供的廉价或免费膳食 这是政府为保证学童的身体健康而设立的全国性营养
50、膳食计划。非美籍人士也可受益。3、家居能源补助计划 专为低收入家庭减轻煤电费用而设，非美籍人士也能享受。能源补助除帮助支付煤电费外，还可代为修理暖炉、煤气管等相关暖气设备。4、廉价公共房屋 这项福利有公共房屋、津贴房屋、租金津贴和廉价屋四种形式，申请人必须年满62岁或收入低微，其中一些房屋补助要求同时满足这两个条件。三、医疗补助 1、医药补助 不同于医疗保险，医药补助是一个保健计划，专为收入低微的家庭设立，可以同时享受医疗保险，但只限于美国公民。2、家中照顾计划 由联邦、州和县政府联合负担，为65岁以上老人、失明者或残障人士提供家务和非医务性的照顾，使得受益人能在家安全地生活，无须住进养老院或
