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1、American Literature:,Literary Eras and AuthorsLecture 11 Walt Whitman,Walt Whitman,I hear America singing,Walt Whitman:The True Voice of Americans,assume v.假定；设想atom n.原子(诗中暗指人是由相同的物质构成)loaf v.游荡；闲混spear n.(草的)叶片law of nature 天理。天理的存在是近代西方民主思想体系的支柱之一,其主要含义是,天理高于君权,天理的基本原则是人人生而平等。Leaves of Grass 草叶集。
2、惠特曼创作的全部诗歌都收集在此诗集中。1855年初版时仅有诗歌l2篇,惠特曼去世那年出版的第九版中有诗歌400多篇。free verse 自由诗体rhyme v.押韵Song of Myself“自我之歌”,草叶集中的一首长诗,被认为是惠特曼的最佳诗作。disposition n.气质；意向rememberancer n.纪念品；提醒物transpire v.发生filth n.污秽denounce v.谴责、痛斥whine v.哀诉demented n.痴呆的；精神错乱的mania n.疯狂；狂热array of terms 大量的言语pismire n.蚂蚁wren n.鹪鹩,odorle
3、ss a.无气味的undisguised a.不掩饰的；公开的naked a.裸露的respiration n.呼吸inspiration n.鼓舞；灵感homosexual a.同性恋的abase v.贬低transparent a.透明的；半透明的athwart ad.横跨bosom-bone n.胸骨plunge v.(使)投入civil war 内战union n.联邦；工会(be)sworn in(总统)宣誓就职inauguration n.(美国)总统就职When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd“当紫丁香最近在庭院中开放的时候”(惠特曼悼念林肯
4、总统的著名诗歌)droop v.低垂；下落mourn v.哀悼coffin n.棺材sprig n.小枝white locks 白发bequeath v.遗赠,Walt Whitman:The True Voice of Americans,Questions for Comprehension and Discussion1.Do you agree with the idea that“Walt Whitman became a poet almost overnight?”Why or why not?2.In his poems.Whitman celebrates the commo
5、n people and he also regards grass as a sign of everlasting life.Are there any links between the two-people and grass?3.While Whitman was seen by the British as the outstanding voice of the new world,few Americans recognized his greatness.Why was there such a striking contrast then?Why were many gre
6、at writers not fully appreciated while they were alive?Write down your answer with supporting examples,and then air your opinion in the class.,“I celebrate myself”,Walt Whitman was born May 31,1819 on South Huntington,Long Island,New York.He was almost entirely self-educated,especially admiring the
7、work of Dante,Shakespeare,and Homer.His mother described him as“very good,but very strange”.His brother described him as being“stubbornersic than a load of bricks.”,Career,Apprenticed to a printer.Taught school at 17.Editor of The Brooklyn Eagle,a respected newspaper,but was fired for his outspoken
8、opposition to slavery.Civil War nurse.,Whitmans Poetry,Whitman declared that his poetry would have:Long lines that capture the rhythms of natural speechFree verseVocabulary drawn from everyday speechA base in reality,not morality,Leaves of Grass,The first version of his masterpiece,Leaves of Grass,a
9、ppeared in 1855.Emerson praised Whitmans poetry as“the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet to contribute”.Whitman used these words,written by Emerson in a letter to Whitman,in a later introduction to Leaves of Grass.Emerson was not amused.John Greenleaf Whittier threw his
10、 copy of the book into the fireplace.Another critic dismissed it as“just a barbaric yawp.”Longfellow,Holmes,and Lowell were equally unimpressed.Even Thoreau was appalled by Whitmans poetry,and he was certainly no conformist!,Whats his deal?,Why were so many writers shocked by Whitman?His lack of reg
11、ular rhyme and meter(free verse)and nontraditional poetic style and subject matter shocked more traditional writers.He also wrote poetry with unabashedly sexual imagery and themes,some of them homoerotic.Examples include the Calamus poems and“I Sing the Body Electric”.,O Captain!My Captain!,Whitman
12、wrote poetry in praise of Abraham Lincoln“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd”(an elegy written after Lincolns assassination).“O Captain!My Captain!”memorializes Lincolns passing as the death of a great man and the death of the era he dominated.It was used to great effect in Dead Poets Society.,
13、Whitmans Influence,Along with Emily Dickinson,Walt Whitman stands as one of the two giants of American poetry in the nineteenth century.Whitmans poetry would influence such Harlem Renaissance writers as Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson.Whitman influenced Beat poets such as Allen Ginsburg.Chi
14、lean writer Pablo Neruda claimed to have been influenced by Whitman.Whitmans poetry was a model for French symbolists,such as Stphane Mallarm,Paul Verlaine,and Arthur Rimbaud.Modernist poets such as Ezra Pound,T.S.Eliot,and W.H.Auden were also influenced by Whitman.,“Out of the Cradle,endlessly rock
15、ing”,Whitman died on March 26,1892,one year after the final edition of Leaves of Grass was published.His autopsy revealed his cause of death as emphysema.,The Least You Need to Know,Whitman created new poetic forms and subjects to fashion a distinctly American type of poetic expression.He rejected c
16、onventional themes,traditional literary references,allusions,and rhyme-all the accepted forms of poetry in the 19th century.He uses long lines to capture the rhythms of natural speech,free verse,and vocabulary drawn from everyday speech.,Reading Assignments,Historical Introduction:The Literature of Realism(p.1-8,Textbook Two)Biographical Introduction of Walt Whitman(p.9-10,Textbook Two),
