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1、归化与异化(domestication and foreignization),归化就是“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值，把原作者带入译入语文化”；异化就是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”。,1995年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯.韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）在译者的隐形(The Translators Invisibility)一书中提出。劳伦斯.韦努蒂,美籍意大利学者，解构主义翻译思想的主要倡导者。解构主义翻译思想，不是要“求同”，而是要“存异”。他通过对西方翻译史的研究，批判了以往以目的语文化为归宿的倾向。,“直译和意译关注的核心问题是如
2、何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而归化和异化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学因素。”-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程，P33,E.g.“to kill two birds with one stone”一箭双雕、一举两得（归化法）一石两鸟（异化法）“All roads lead to Rome.”殊途同归（归化法）条条大路通罗马（异化法）“20世纪的翻译活动，归化派在大部分时间占有明显优势”。-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程，P34（翻译史上）归化派主要代表人物：严复，林纾，朱生豪，张谷若，傅雷等。异化派代表人物：鲁迅，董秋斯，卞之琳等,英美文化长期被归化理论所统治，提倡流畅的翻译，实际上是不
3、尊重原语文化的“文化帝国主义”。-（韦努蒂，1995：20-21）改革开放以来趋势：异化不仅可以充分传达原作的异国风味。而且可以引进一些原语的表达方式，以丰富我们祖国的语言。E.g.shed crocodile tears;to be armed to teeth;to rain cats and dogs;sword Damocles;etc.,翻译中的异化趋势,在中国成功发射“神五”“神六”载人飞船后，具有鲜明中国特色的taikonaut一词迅速进入英语词汇，它与英语中的词汇astronaut既有交叉，又有所不同。Taiko类似“太空”的拼音,后缀naut 与astronaut的后缀相同，
4、代表宇航员。该词很快被西方媒体所接受，是“中华民族科技和文明重新在世界焕发光彩的标志”。,福娃（Fuwa,the five mascots of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.They are Beibei,Jingjing,Huanhuan,Yingying,and Nini,which means Beijing welcomes you.）饺子（jiaozi）、四合院(siheyuan)、关系(guanxi)等；,九十年代时,“派对”这个外来词还只是年轻人口中的时髦词。它的英文原语是“party”,初来乍到相对封闭的中国社会,无法找到与之功能对等的词汇。于
5、是干脆就直接将其异化翻译成“派对”.,同样在改革开放初期,英文原语“show”进入了中国,被翻译成了“秀”。英谚中的“as timid as rabbit”可以按异化译法直译为“胆小如兔”。当中国读者读到此时,他会很自然地了解到在西方文化中“,兔子”就是胆怯懦弱的象征,而并不是东方文化中的“鼠”。,冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。Rome was not build in aday.(罗马不是一日建成的。)猫哭老鼠to shed crocodile tears(掉鳄鱼眼泪)笑掉大牙to laugh off ones head(笑掉脑袋)沧海一粟to drop in the ocean(沧海一滴水)画蛇添
6、足to paint/gild the lily(给百合花上色)异化译法不仅仅是直译的结果,更是一种文化传播，东方读者对西方的文化的理解也上升到了一个新的层面。,随着文化交流的扩大,越来越多的英语谚语、习语通过异化翻译进入汉语,为中国读者打开了一扇新窗户,如:In the country of the blind the one-eyed man isking.(盲人国里,独眼称王。)If the sky falls we shall catch lark.(天塌下来正好捉云雀。)Blood is thicker than water.(血浓于水。)A bird in the hand is w
7、orth two in the bush.(双鸟在林,不如一鸟在手。),异化法的限度（要考虑读者接受能力的限度）Unless you have an ace up your sleeve,were dished.除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们输定了。除非你袖中藏有王牌，否则我们输定了。Carry coal to NewcastleA：运煤到纽卡斯尔B：多此一举diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手，硬碰硬”to be all Greek/Dutch to me“一窍不通”,Conclude:异化为主，归化为辅。High buildings and large mansions are s
8、pringing up like mushrooms in Beijing.在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现。They said a sharp no to our proposals.他们断然拒绝了我们的建议。“I know Dad,”she said,“Im a selfish Pig.Ill think about it”“我知道，爸，”她说，“我是个自私鬼。我会考虑这个问题的。”,Now you try:To have a wolf by the earsGive a dog an ill name and hang himA little pot is soon hotHe ma
9、y always possess merits which make up for everything;if he loses on the wings,he may win on the roundabouts.There is a peoples court waiting for him.His God-damned head is going to be separated from his God-damned neck.She has a heart-shaped face.,骑虎难下欲加之罪，何患无辞？量小易怒失之东隅，收之桑榆狗头、狗脖子瓜子脸,1.Bills new gir
10、lfriend is certainly a knockout.2.Our team won the game,all right,but it was touch and go for a while.3.He was smooth and agreeable.4.We are one nation,one people.5.What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.6.He acts a lot older than his years.7.His best joke
11、s fell flat.,Exercises,1、比尔新结识的女友确实是个迷人的姑娘。2、我们队是赢了，但有一阵子险些输掉。3、他待人处世，八面玲珑。4、我们是全国一体，全民一体。5、众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是不健康的。6、他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。7、他那些最能逗人乐的笑话都不灵了。,After-Class Exercises:Translate the following idioms and sentences into Chinese:1.a drop in the ocean 2.to praise to the skies 3.to fish in troubled wat
12、ers 4.Walls have ears.5.to laugh off ones head 6.a die-hard 7.A rolling stone gathers no moss.8.He just had forty winks.9.You should keep your nose out of here.,10.He was not the eldest son of his father for nothing.11.Every life has its roses and thorns.12.He was a dead shot.However,he met his Waterloo this time.13.Scratch a Russian and you will find a Tartar.14.Very Straightforward by nature,Mrs.Frank believes in speaking her mind.15.He acts a lot older than his years.,6.顽固分子8.他只是打了个盹9.你最好别管闲事13.文明人剥去一层皮，就变成野蛮人了。14.天性率直，认为心里想啥及该说啥。15.他年纪轻轻，做事却很老练,
