《Languageacquisition语言获得与习得.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Languageacquisition语言获得与习得.ppt（29页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Language Acquisition,语言,语言观察,语言学,理论语言学,应用语言学,结构语言学,生成语言学,功能语言学,语音学,词汇学,语义学,语法学,社会语言学,文化语言学,语言教学,计算语言学,病理语言学,心理语言学,交际语言学,法律语言学,地理语言学,广告语言学,词义学词源学语汇学,句法学形态学词法学,人类语言学,语言风格学,社会语言学,人名学,地名学,儿童语言学,传播语言学,对外汉语教学,语言学学科体系,语言习得,Overview,1.Introduction,a childs acquisition of his mother tongueHow does the child
2、comes to understand and speak the language of his community?How is language learned?to better understand the nature of human languagedevelopmental process,In the acquisition of mother tongues,despite of a certain individual differences,all normal children,brought up with appropriate mother tongue in
3、put in appropriate linguistic context,can successfully acquire their mother tongues and the stages they experience in the mother tongue acquisition are similar.,Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system.No one can store all the words and expressions in his mind.A ch
4、ild usually constructs his grammatical rules by listening to the linguistic input that surrounds him and speaks according to his own constructed grammar.Without these productive rules,a language user would be unable to produce and understood an unlimited number of sentences which he has never heard
5、or used before.,Language acquisition is mainly the acquisition of grammatical rules.This does not mean that it is the acquisition of each specific rule.What a child has acquired is a limited number of highly abstract and general principles,ignoring the irregular cases.,Eg:A child may add“-s”to the e
6、nd of a noun to form the plural form,whether the noun is regular or irregular.Therefore,the mistakes that a child makes are systematic and predictable.,2.Theories of Child LA,A behaviorist view imitation and habit formationAn innatist view language acquisition device-UGAn interactionist view Interpl
7、ay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment,Behaviorists view the routine aspects The innatist childrens acquiring complex system The interactionist how children learn and use the language appropriately in the environment.,3.Cognitive Development in Child Language Developme
8、nt,Cognitive development relates to language acquisition in two ways:Language development is dependent on both the concepts children form about the world and what they feel stimulatedThe cognitive factors determine how the child makes sense of the linguistic system himself.,4.Language Environment an
9、d the CPH,The role of language environment Behaviorist view a major role in providing both language models to be imitated and the necessary feedback The innatist view a stimulus that triggers and activated the pre-equipped LAD to process the materials provided by the linguistic environment The inter
10、actionist view the quality of the language samples available in the linguistic environment,The role of Age the LAD,like other biological functions,works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time-a specific and limited time period for language acquisition-Critical Period Hypothesis(Er
11、ic Lenneberg),5.Features in Child Language Development,at a given time of life(1.5 4yrs)in an appropriate linguistic environmentbiologically programmed-all human beings are equally possessedchildren follow a similar acquisition schedule across culturesthe role of input,interaction,instruction,correc
12、tion,reinforcement and imitation,6.The Stages in Child Language Development prelinguistic stage(babbling)the one-word stage holophrastic sentences-overextension the two-word stage with clear syntactic and semantic relations,but absent of markers the multiword stage telegraghic speech lack grammatica
13、l morphemes,but follow the principles of sentence formation,The development of CLA:phonology bilabials and 3 basic vowels(i:u:a:)syntax NP,VP,negative(No eat.No want some food.I dont want any food.)morphology stems inflectional morphemes(-ing Pl.s“overgeneralization”vocabulary first 2 years(50100)2
14、yrs(expand rapidly)8 yrs(17,600)semantics doesnt learn the meaning of a word all at once(overextension)daddy:+ADULT+ADULT+MALE+ADULT+MALE+PARENT,7.Issues in Child Language Development,The role of input and interactionGenetically programmed capacity for language is not a sufficient condition for lang
15、uage acquisition.Successful language acquisition requires appropriate linguistic context in which a child can interact with others linguistically.Otherwise,language acquisition can be severely hampered.,Caretaker speech is a modified speech usually for communication with children.Children with littl
16、e or no exposure to caretaker speech do not necessarily acquire their mother tongues more slowly than children with much exposure to caretaker speech.,It means the exposure to caretaker speech is not an essential condition for language acquisition.However,caretaker speech can help establish the rela
17、tion between linguistic forms and their meanings,facilitate the comprehension of language and make the acquisition of vocabulary and structures easier.,The role of instructionLanguage acquisition for normal children requires little conscious instruction or classroom teaching.In natural settings,pare
18、nts rarely correct young childrens grammatical mistakes in their communication.Even if they do so,their efforts very often seem to achieve little effect.For example:,Child:I taked a cookie.Parent:Oh,you mean you took a cookie.Child:Yes,thats right,I taked it.Therefore,conscious instruction to a norm
19、al child plays a minor role at best,if any.,The role of correction and reinforcementBehaviourists believe that a childs verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the response.Correct verbal behaviour gets positively reinforced and incorrect verbal behaviour gets corr
20、ected.,In this way,a child gradually forms the behaviour of using the language correctly.But modern research has shown that correction and reinforcement only play a minor role in the first language acquisition,for example:,Child:Nobody dont like me.Mother:No,say Nobody likes me.Child:Nobody don t li
21、ke me.This type of exchange is repeated eight times.Mother:No,now listen carefully;say Nobody likes me.Child:Oh!Nobody dont LIKES me.,Generally speaking,correction and reinforcement from the parents occur in childrens pronunciation and reporting of truthfulness of utterances.,The role of imitationIm
22、itation only plays a minor role in the first language acquisition.Children actively discover and construct their personal linguistic rules from the linguistic input they have received.,If childrens first language acquisition involved the passive imitation on the part of children,then many linguistic
23、 mistakes children have made would not be satisfactorily explained because the mistakes they make are not usually heard in the adult speech forms.,For example,children are often heard to say my foots instead of my feet,goed instead of went and maked instead of made.,In addition,children who can not speak because of some other neurological or physiological defects can learn a language.Children do not imitate blindly.They make selective use of imitation，for example,in learning vocabulary.Imitation does not play a key role in the first language acquisition.,
