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1、College English,Grammar,动词的时态和语态,Lecture 2,动词的时态,动词的时态和语态,动词的语态,Exercises,动词的时态,1.综述 2.一般现在时 3.一般过去时 4.一般将来时 5.现在进行时 6.过去进行时 7.现在完成时 8.过去完成时 9.过去将来时 10.现在完成进行时11.将来完成时 12.过去将来完成时,动词的时态综述,动词的时态一般现在时,1一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用often,usually,every day等时间状语。例如：We usually spend ten minutes doin
2、g fast reading exercises in class.She is always the first to hand in her paper in the exam.,动词的时态一般现在时,2)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。例如：When we graduate,well go wherever we are needed most.If it rains tomorrow,well put off our sports meet.,动词的时态一般现在时,3)有时该时态可表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，句中都带有时间状语，但限于少数动词如 begin,co
3、me,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close 等。例如：He goes to school every day.The delegation arrives in Beijng this afternoon.,动词的时态一般过去时,2一般过去时l)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。例如：I usually got up at 6 when I was in the primary school.At that time,his speech inspired in us fresh courage.2)表示过去经常发生的动
4、作，也可用“used to”和“would+动词原形”。注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to+名词或动名词”表示“习惯”。例如：He worked in a factory in 1986.I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.,动词的时态一般将来时,3.一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“will或 shall+动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。l)“be going to+动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：We are going to h
5、ave a meeting today2)go,come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive 等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作；有时用一般现在时也可表示将来。例如：Im leaving for Beijing.3)“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如：The boy is to go to school tomorrow4)“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。例如：We are about to leave,动词的时态现在进行时,4现在进行时1)现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作，由“to be+现在分词”构成
6、，另外“系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如：What are you doing?The bridge is under construction2)表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词如 have,be,hear,see,like 等词一般不用进行时。,动词的时态过去进行时,5.过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was/were+现在分词”构成。例如:He was reading a novel when I came inHe was doing his homework at 9 last night.,动词的时态现在完成时,6.现在完成时现在完成时由“
7、have十过去分词”构成。其使用有以下情况：现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。例如:He has gone to Fuzhou.(说话人认为他不在该地)He has been to Fuzhou.(说话人认为他在该地)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用 for 或 since 表示一段时间的状语或 so far,now,today,this week/month/year 等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如:He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied Engli
8、sh since 1985.,动词的时态现在完成时,注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如 come,go,die,marry,buy等，其完成时不能与 for，since 等表示一段时间的词连用。例如：表示某人死了5年时，不能用He has died for 5 years.正确的表达应为：He has been dead for 5 years./He died 5 years ago./Its/It has been 5 years since he died.现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：Ill go to your home when I have f
9、inished my homework,动词的时态将来完成时,7.将来完成时的构成形式:will/shall have+done表示到将来某一时间为止将完成的事情，或延续到那时的事情。如：I hope they _ this road by the time I come back next year.A)have repaired B)will repair C)are to repair D)will have repaired,动词的时态过去完成时,8过去完成时l)过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用 by,bef
10、ore,until,when 等词引导的时间状语。例如：By the end of last year we had built five new houses.2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如：Before he slept,he had worked for 12 hours.,动词的时态过去将来时,9.过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should/would+动词原形”构成。第一人称用 should，其他人称用 would。例如：They were sure that
11、they would succeed.,动词的时态现在完成进行时,10.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have(has)+been+现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如 work,study,live,teach 等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：I have worked here for three yearsI have been working here for three years.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：I have written a letter.(已写完)I have been writing a letter.(还
12、在写)注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如 finish,marry,get up,come,go 等不能用这种时态。,动词的语态,l.概念与构成 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式用主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词“be+过去分词”构成，时态通过 be 表现出来。,通常情况下，我们多用主动语态，但有时由于不知道动作的执行者，或出于礼貌，或为了强调等原因，要用被动语态。主要有下列几种情况：1.不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。The project will be finished next year.这个计划将于明年完成。2.当强调或侧重动作的承受者时
13、。His new car was stolen.他的新车被盗了。3.由于处于婉转、礼貌等不愿说出动作的执行者时。He was considered to be a computer genius.4.有些动词习惯上常用被动结构。The professor was born in 1937.那位教授出生于1937年。It is said that the man is a writer.（=The man is said to be a writer.）据说那个人是个作家。,动词的语态,2.一些特殊的被动结构：短语动词的被动结构：用于这类被动结构的短语动词要作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动
14、词。例如：bringup教育 calloff 取消 comeby 得到giveup放弃 holdup延迟 leaveout略去lookinto调查 makeup编造 putoff推迟ringup打电话给 sendfor召唤 turndown拒绝doawaywith废除lookdownon轻视 putupwith容忍e.g.The baby is looked after carefully.,2）有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思:在主语是物的句子里，有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义。常用的这类动词有sell,read,feel,write,wear,wash,open,clean,
15、cook,keep,cut,fill,blow,measure,lock,run,record,begin,shut 等等。例如：The book sells well.Your composition reads well.This pen writes smoothly.,短语中的被动结构make sb.heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth.done(要某人做某事)。Youd better speak louder to make you heard by all of your classmates.Id like to have my hair
16、cut short.,使用被动语态应注意的问题,不及物动词没有被动语态。如：appear,die disappear,end(vi.结束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand，break out,come true,fall asleep,keep silence,lose heart,take place 使役动词make,have及感官动词see,hear,notice,feel,observe,listen to等在主动语态中，后面跟不定式作宾补省去to，但变成被动语态时，要加上to。1.I saw the girl cross th
17、e street.我看到那个小女孩穿过了马路。2.The girl was seen to cross the street.有人看到那个小女孩穿过了马路。,动词的语态,动名词主动形式表示被动意义 通常是物作 want,need,require,worth,deserve等词的主语时（也可以是人）表示事物（或人）客观上需要，用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义。例如：The classroom wants/needs/requires cleaning.教室需要打扫。This book is worth reading.这种用法的动名词改用不定式一般式的被动形式后也可表同样意义。例如：T
18、he classroom wants to be cleaned.,Exercises,1.Directions:In this exercise,there are 10 sentences.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.,If you go to the western suburbs of the city,you _ a lot of new buildings.A.will see B.have see
19、n C.see D.are going to see 2.She showed him the photo she _ the day before.A.has taken B.took C.was taking D.had taken 3.They will go to work in the countryside when they _ school next year.A.will leave B.will have leave C.are leaving D.leave,A,D,D,Exercises,4.She told us she had met you in London l
20、ast year._ you _her since then?A.Hadmet B.Didsee C.Wouldmeet D.Haveseen 5.I _along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.A.walked B.had walked C.was walking D.would walk 6.It is said that he _ sent to Australia to improve his English A.would be B.was to be C.has been D
21、.had been7.By this time next year,we _all the land into rice fields.A.had turned B.will have turned C.have turned D.have been turning,D,C,C,B,Exercises,8.Thousands of people took part in the work when the Three Gorges project(三峡工程)_.A.would be built B.was building C.was being built D.had been built
22、9.This sick man _to a hospital right away.A.must be sent B.will send C.ought be sent D.must send10.Do you know when the Chinese Communist Party _?A.is found B.found C.has been founded D.was founded,C,A,D,Exercises,2.Directions:There is a blank and a verb(or verbal phrase)given in the brackets in eac
23、h of the following sentences.Fill in the blank with the verb or verbal phrase in its proper form.,1.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she_(leave)in the office.2.It is said that the new building that _(build)now will be used for teaching.3.Just a few years ago,tomato
24、es _(believe)to have magical powers,making people who ate them fall in love.,had left,is being built,were believed,Exercises,4.By the coming end of the term,we _(learn)twenty passages.5.“What are you doing now?”“I_(prepare)my lessons for the final exam.”6.Needless to say,the second list of words _(c
25、an,remember)more easily than the first one.7.In the old days,the children _(take good care of)by the mother because she did not work outside the house.,will have learned,am preparing,can be remembered,were taken good care of,8.The waiter soon _(bring)him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook his hea
26、d.9.My father went to Shanghai in 1988 and he _(work)there ever since.10.John said that the car _(make)long before his mother was born.,brought,has been working/has worked,had been made,Exercises,Exercises,3.Directions:In each of the following sentences there is one underlined part which is incorrec
27、tly used.Please put it right in a proper form.,1.We usually spent_ ten minutes doing fast-reading exercises in class.2.We hoped you will provide_ us with some information needed in our research.3.The medical team has left for_ the mountainous area next month.,spend,would provide,is leaving for/will
28、leave for,Exercises,4.You will be able to write good papers when you mastered some writing skills.5.He saw at a glance that something unusual is happening _in the class.6.It was reported that the boy has seen a UFO flying over the area.7.The old man was made burst into a happy smile by the letter fr
29、om his daughter.,had seen,have mastered,had happened,made to burst into,was happening/,8.She was not at all surprising at the news.9.I dont know when the football match will be taken place.10.The teacher explained to the students that the movement of the earth around the sun has caused seasons.,surprised,will take place,causes,Exercises,
