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1、英译汉的技巧,加注 annotation释义 paraphrase增词 amplification减词 omission 转换 shift of perspective切分 division 合并 combination,加注 annotation,由于社会文化的差异，英语中有些词义在汉语中完全不存在，形成了词义上的空缺。1.音译加注(transliteration+annotation)2.直译加注(literal translation+annotation),音译加注：音译后附加解释性注释。,1.词语翻译Pizza 比萨饼Toyota 丰田车Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠AIDS 艾滋病Jaz
2、z 爵士乐,2.句子翻译He did it a Jordon.他投篮像飞人乔丹那样棒。Im Peter Darwin.Everyone asks,so I may as well say at once that no,Im not related to Charles.我叫彼得.达尔文。谁都会对我的名字产生疑问，我不妨当下说个明白：我与进化论创始人查尔斯没有关系。A dead leaf fell in Soapys lap.That was Jack Frosts card.一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克.弗罗斯特的名片。（杰克.弗罗斯特：英文里对“寒霜”的拟人称号。）,直译加注：直译原
3、文，并附加解释性注释，注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。,1.单词，尤其是专有名词的翻译Zero Ground 零地带（指纽约世贸大厦2001年9月11日遭两架被劫持的飞机撞击坍塌后所形成的瓦砾场，源出自原子弹着陆后的爆炸点）Sesame Street 芝麻街（指美国儿童电视连续节目，每天一小时，主要为动画片、游戏、木偶戏等）,Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（指美国总统办公室）tree hugger 紧抱树干的人（指极端环境保护主义者）The Freedom Ride 自由乘车运动（六十年代初期由民权运动积极分子发起的活动，反对南部各州在公共交通中实行种族隔离政
4、策）,直译加注,2.句子的翻译But I am short-tempered,frazzled from all responsibilities.I am the“sandwich generation”,caught between kids and parents.但我的脾气不好，都是这些事给烦的。我是个夹在孩子和父母之间的“三明治人”。（三明治人：指既要照顾孩子又要照顾父母的人),People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas Kiss.人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不
5、过是犹大之吻，居心险恶。,It was Friday and soon theyd go out and get drunk.星期五发薪日到了,他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉.*星期五Friday为英国的发薪日.,Even before they were acquainted,he had admired Osborn in secret.Now he was his valet,his dog,his man Friday.他没有认识奥斯本之前,已经暗暗佩服他.如今便成了他的听差,他的狗,他的忠仆星期五*.*星期五(Friday)是鲁滨逊漂流记故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆
6、.,练习,1.The professor rapped on his desk and shouted:“Gentlemen,order!”The entire class yelled,“Beer!”,释义（paraphrase),定义：舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻形象，采取解释性的办法译出原文。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故、超常规搭配）时，如果直译不能使译文读者明白其意思，而加注又使译文太啰嗦时，可采用释义法，将原文的意思传达出来。,例：Bills new girlfriend is certainly a knockout.比尔新结识的女友确实是个迷人的姑娘。Knock
7、out:in boxing a knockout is a situation in which a boxer wins the fight by making his opponent fall to the ground and be unable to stand up before the referee has counted to ten.If you describe someone as a knockout,you think that they are extremely attractive or impressive.(informal),I wonder wheth
8、er he is a Trojan Horse我不知道他是不是内奸。If you describe a person or thing as a Trojan horse,you mean that they are being used to hide someones true purpose or intention.,.,Of course,its hard to keep alliance alive.There are many stresses and strains.But,Im glad to say,nothing has actually broken as yet-to
9、uchwood.当然，使联盟长期保持下去是很不容易的，有不少的艰难曲折。但是，我高兴地说，到目前为止确实没有出现过什么裂痕希望能一直这样老天保佑，无灾无难。You can say touchwood in British English,or knock on wood in American English,to indicate that you hope to have good luck in something you are doing,usually after saying that you have been lucky with it so far.,释义法,释义法也可以用
10、来翻译某些不可直译成汉语的英语表达形式，或是处理那些虽可直译成汉语但表达效果不是令人费解就是不够简练的英语表达方式。,He was smooth and agreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑。What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是不健康的。He acts a lot older than his years.他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。,The young girl thumbed her way to the passing ca
11、rs.那个年轻的姑娘站在路边不停地向来往的汽车摆动着竖起的拇指表示她要搭车.,Its not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend,not just every Tom,Dick,and Harry.要参加那个俱乐部并非易事他们只吸收手头阔绰的人,而不是普通百姓.,Our son must go to school.He must break out of the pot that holds us in.我们的儿子一定得上学,一定要出人头地.,If any
12、thing goes wrong now,what a come-down that will be.His best jokes fell flat.Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed,smiling attention.He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent.Nothing,whether a weighty matter or small detail,was overlooked.,增词（amplification),英汉两种语
13、言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。增词的原则：增词不增义。增词的两种情况,1 把不清楚的语义用更多的字讲清楚。例如：presidential historianA 总统的历史学家B 研究总统的历史学家2调整译文结构，使更地道。For mistakes had been made,bad ones.,A 因为犯了错误，很严重的错误。B 因为犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误。,1 增加动词In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the tabl
14、e tennis exhibitions,he would work on the term paper.晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得写学期论文。,Asias strength of economic management,however,has not been its perfection,but its pragmatism and flexibility.亚洲经济管理向来不以完美见长，而是以务实和弹性取胜。,2 增加形容词With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!中国人民正在以
15、多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！,3增加副词The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝的说个没完。,4 增加名词First you borrow,then you beg.开始是借钱，接下来就是讨饭。He is a complicated man moody,kind,with a melancholy streak.他是一个性格复杂的人-喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁。,She was more royal than the royals.他比皇家成员
16、更有皇家气质。,5增加表示时态的词Yesterday evening I had seen her on her knees in front of the house.昨天夜晚我曾看见她跪在房子面前。,She would spend hours dressing herself in fine clothes,and brushing her black hair.Then she would stand by the mirror and admireHerself.她总是要花好几个小时为自己盛装打扮，梳理她乌黑的头发。之后她还常常照着镜子自我欣赏一番。,汉译英中的增词现象人民犯了法，也要
17、受处罚，也要坐牢。When anyone among the people breaks the law,he too should be punished.河南河北两个世界。North and South of the river are two different worlds.,练习：1 They wanted a generation of Americans conditioned to loyalty and Duty.2 The worth of a State,in the long run,is the worth of the individuals composing i
18、t.,1 他们都希望把下一代美国人训练的忠于祖国，恪尽职责。2 归根到底，一个国家的价值是这个国家全体国民价值的总和。,减词 omission省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。,一 省略代词 But its the way I am,and try as I might,I havent been able to change it.但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。,We live and learn.活到老，学到老。You can never tell.很难说。,He shrugged his shoulders,sh
19、ook his head,cast up his eyes,but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。,In my childhood,I learned a great deal about Russia.童年时，我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。,二 省略连接词He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。Even if you go there it wont do any good.去了也是白去的。Whatever you like to read,just tell me.想读什么，只管告诉我。,If I had know
20、n it,I would not have joined in it.早知如此，我就不参加了。Whatever you like to read,just tell me.想读什么，只管告诉我。,三 省略介词和介词短语English is rich in prepositions and prepositional phrases,which play an important role in the language.They are generally translated into Chinese in three ways(1)into Chinese Verbs(2)into Chi
21、nese connectives(3)be omitted This section mainly deals with the third one.,When a substance changes only in state or in form,it is a physical change.当一种物质只是改变状态和形式时，就是物理变化。Change of information,if any,concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本节内容
22、如有更改，均见本书最后的附录。,练习,1 I cant help it,Im crazy about thorough-bred horses.2We must teach our children to dream with their eyes to open.3 She was sweet and amiable and kindly again.,1 我这是身不由己，象纯种马想的发了疯。我们必须教孩子睁开眼睛梦想。她再一次变得和蔼可亲起来。,转换（Conversion）1转换词类1.1Conversion from English Nouns into Chinese Verbs,Le
23、t me be your banker.你需要钱，我可以借给你。1.2 Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese VerbsIn order to carry through its policies of economic development,peace is necessary for China.为了执行发展经济的政策，中国需要和平。,The whole village was astir with the news.消息传来，全村轰动。1.3Conversion from English Nouns into Chinese A
24、djectivesThe lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.河流下游的情况是多种多样的。,I am a perfect stranger to physics.我对物理可一窍不通。1.4Conversion from English Verbs into Chinese NounsThe Greek word“atom”means“cannot be cut”.希腊语“原子”一词的意思是“不可分割”。,Often property damage and disrupted lives result.结果往往是财产遭受损失，生
25、活受到影响。2转换句子成份2.1 Objects converted into SubjectsThe road has an ascent of five degrees.,2.2Prepositional Objects converted into SubjectsWe found a good teacher in Mr.Brown.我们觉得布朗先生是个好老师。2.3 Subjects converted into AttributesVarious substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.各种材料的的磁特性
26、有很大的不同。,2.4 Subjects converted into ObjectsAs the match burns,heat and light are given off.火柴燃烧时发出热和光。2.5 Attributes converted into PredicatesIts limited thickness and youthful age are other discoveries.它厚度有限，年代短，这是另外两个发现。,切分1.1 Picking Out of WordsIt is advisable to pick out those words which are h
27、ard to reproduce in the original structure and expand them into Chinese word-groups,clauses or sentences.There are usually three steps to deal with such words:1 Determine which word to pick out2 Apply Conversion of Addition,if necessary,to make the translated version smooth and well-connected.3 Rear
28、range and word order according to The Chinese mode of expression.,He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten.他提醒了我，要不然我就把这事给忘了。The headlines of the Paris and London newspapers were big,black,and frightened.巴黎和伦敦的报纸用的饿时大号黑体标题，显得惊慌失措。,I shall be glad of your company on the journey.如果你能陪我
29、一块儿去，我会很高兴。The sailors swarmed into a laughing,cheering ring around the two men.水兵们欢笑着纷涌而至，把这两个人围了起来。,练习,They relentlessly tear at the flowers they see.他们见花就摘，好不爱惜。The dictionary fall at length at the feet of the astonished Miss Zhan.字典最后掉在詹小姐脚边，吓了她一大跳。,1 Don resumed his meditative smoking.2 The pri
30、soners of war were allowed to write censored letters.3 And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.,1 唐又点起一支烟，一面抽，一面思考。2允许战俘们写信，但是信件要受到审查（才能发出去）。3 越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他么仍是少数。）,拆译短语 Participial phrases,noun phrases,and prepositional phrases,et.if hard to reproduce in the original s
31、tructure,may likewise be picked out and expanded.,Somehow our path took us toward the park,across the bridge high above the rolling waters of the river.我们不知不觉朝公园走。公园就在桥对面，湍急的河水在高高的桥下流过。The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the car away in an instant is still on my mind.顷刻间，浊水象墙一般冲了过来，卷走了
32、汽车。这情景，现在还在我脑海里。My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.我父亲认定我太年轻，办不了大事。他算是没说错。,练习,1 His article is a well-written composition with good organization and fine style.2 In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.3 The difficulty of att
33、ainment increases the value of the object.,1 他的文章写得好，结构严密，风格优美。2 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。3 越是难得的东西，其身价就越高。,合并 combination,The opposite of division is combination,a technique employed to achieve conciseness and contractedness in translation.We may condense a word group into a word,a clause into a
34、word group or two or more simple sentences into one simple sentence,to make our translatiion concise or contracted.,一 单词的合并The inauguration took place on a bright,cold,and windy day.就职典礼那天天气晴朗，寒风凛冽。Thank you for your advice and counsel.谢谢你的忠告。,二 句子的合并 No one has told them about the British custom of
35、 lining up for a bus so that the first person who arrives at a bus stop is the first person to get on the bus.谁也没有跟他们说过，英国人有排队候车，先到先上的 习惯。,When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people,we are not merely being polite.我们对中国领导人和中国人名的赞扬绝不是出于虚假的礼貌。There is no time when the circulation of water doe
36、s not take place.水循环无时不在进行。,练习,It is a year since this motor was put into service.The only alternative was to go on with the sowing the way they had planned it.Note:，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,the way+从句实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句.the way=as Im talking to you just the way Id talk to a boy of my own.,这台电动机已经投入使用
37、一年了。唯一的选择就是按照他们原来的计划继续播种。,Diction(选词法）,In order to make an accurate and smooth translation,a translator should consider how to find a word or words by which the original idea may be most aptly expressed.Diction,the choice of words and phrases to express meaning,is therefore one of the basic techniqu
38、es.,一 选择语法意义The same word,when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence,has different meanings.He had no stomach to follow us他不想跟我们走。I cant stomach this job any longer.这工作我再也受不了啦。I lighted the lamp,but it gave a bad light.我点亮了灯，但灯光微弱。,练习,I saw him saw with a saw in
39、 sawmill.I iron my clothes with an iron.,二 选择语境意义The same word,when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business,law,medicine,etc)has different meanings.英语词义：较概括，较灵活，范围较广。汉语词义：较具体，较凝滞，范围较窄。The music was fine,but the book was very poor.音乐是出色的，但歌词很糟糕。The patient complained that he had te
40、rrible stomach pains and the constant runs.病人自诉肚子疼的厉害，而且不停的泻。,练习,The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you cant have them.The lecturer carried his audience with him.She was in a delicate condition.The smoke betrayed where the dwelling lay.,三 选择搭配意义 Some words have
41、the same basic meanings,but differ in collocation.That is,they have different collocative meanings.For instance,“handsome”is render into“英俊的”.It is perfectly all right to say“a handsome car”,but“英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese reader.Thus,A translator must ensure that the version
42、is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.,Examples:Buildbuild a ship 盖房子 build a bridge架桥build a fire 生火 build dam 筑坝Build ones confidence 树立信心Build the drama of a story 构思故事的戏剧性情节,In order to get a large amount of waterpower we need a large pressure and a large current.为了得到大量的水力，我们需要高水压和
43、强水流。Briefly,a long thin wire has a high resistance.简单说，长而细的导线电阻大。,练习,A heavy rain a heavy sea A heavy load a heavy buyer A heavy vote a heavy thinker A heavy crop a heavy play This book is heavy reading.大雨 波涛汹涌的海面重负 大主顾大量的得票 思想深沉的人丰收 严肃的戏这本书读起来枯燥乏味。,On display was merchandise attractive in price and
44、 quality.They captured fifty enemy soldiers and many weapons.,四 Choice of Stylistic Meanings(选择文体意义）Some words convey the same idea but differ in stylistic features.These words are known as stylistic synonyms.Translators have to choose among formal words,neutral words and in formal words to ensure t
45、hat the style is appropriate to the original context.,Youre an ungrateful wicked girl.你真是个不识好歹的坏丫头。Ignore it as you ignore the cold of last winter.管他们干什么？他们的话，当作耳边风好了。They confused me so that I didnt know the big end from the small.他们把我搞得不知东南西北了。,练习,It is a true saying that time and tide wait for no
46、 man.I am getting old of thinking of you.It was just the time of the Mid-autumn Festival.,时不待我，确是至理名言。思君催人老。时值中秋佳节。,五 Choice of ambiguous meanings(选择模糊意义）Ambiguity,is defined as one surface structure covering two or more deep structures,that is,one linguistic expression allows more than one understa
47、ndings or interpretations.Ambiguity can be classified as lexical ambiguity and structural ambiguity.,Lexical ambiguity The multiple meaning of the utterance depends on the meaning of the single word.For example,in the sentence I saw him at the bank;she can not bear children;As Green designed the mac
48、hine,he must have realized its capability.,Structural ambiguityThe multiple meaning of the utterance depends on the sentence structure.The sentence Flying planes can be dangerous could mean 1)the act of flying planes can be dangerous or 2)planes that are flying can be dangerous.,Another source of st
49、ructural ambiguity is negation.For instance:John didnt beat Mary because he loves her.We can employ the following means to disambiguate the problematic expressions.(1)Locate an ambiguous expression and related it to the context or background knowledge.(2)Stresses and other phonological devices.,I wa
50、snt listening all the time.我整段时间都没听。I wasnt listening all the time.我并不是整段时间都在听。,练习,Translate the following and see how many ways in which they may be interpreted.1 They painted the cars black and white.2John and Mary are married.3THey were entertaining women.,六 选择引伸意义Sometimes a mechanical translati
