Lecture4基本构词方法.ppt

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1、Lecture 4The Basic Methods of Word-Formation,The Three Basic Methods of Word-Formation,Derivation 派生法(加缀法)Compounding or Composition 复合法Conversion or Function Shift or Transmutation 转化法,Derivation,Root is the basis of DerivationAdd different affixes to the same root to create different words with di

2、fferent parts of speech(see Pp25)e.g.Latin Root duc-conduct reduceconductive conductible,Extensional Summary:Derivation,Derivation:添加或减少构词词缀构成新词前缀法 recite后缀法前后缀法 in-cur-able去缀法(反序构词法)sea-bathingsun-bath中缀法黑不溜秋胡里胡涂gigi(印牙)gerigi(锯齿状的),The Prefixes with Strong Productivity,(see Pp27&Dictionary Appendi

3、x)re-pre-non-un-de-anti-,The Suffixes with Strong Productivity,(see Pp27&Dictionary Appendix)Noun Suffixes Adjectiv Suffixes Verb Suffixes-er-able-ise(ize)-ness-ish-ify-ese-less-ism-ic-ist-ics,Features of Affix(Prefix&Suffix),The polysemy of affix 多义性e.g.Prefix:de-(see Pp26)离开,除掉 dehydrate deorbit 向

4、下,降级 devaluate 使情况逆转 decentralize 完全的 defunct Suffix:-er(-or)(see Pp26)做的人 worker tailor 卖的人 hatter glover 做的工具 heater generator diner 住在的人 Londoner New Yorker,The Same Affix but with Different Chinese Translation(see Pp26)e.g.Suffix:-ismrelativismsophism 诡辩学rheumatism 风湿病activism 行动主义euphemism witt

5、ism俏皮话 methodism 墨守成规fanaticism 狂热tourism,The synonymity of affix 同义性e.g.un-in-im-ir-il-dis-Used with adj.to indicate the negative meaninguntidyincorrectimpossibleillogicalirregulardishonest,Some Dormant Affixes Retrieve Its Vigor Now(see Pp27)e.g.-wise 就而言;在方面;相似于education-wisetime-wiseweather-wise

6、status-wisemoney-wisevote-wisecomfort-wisecaloriewisemenu-wisedrinkwisepercentage-wisenewswise crab-wisehammer-wisemachine-wisemonkey-wisesack-wisesailor-wisesleepwalker-wise,Relation between Roots&Affixes,Most suffixes change the part of speech of rootMost prefixes dont affect the part of speech an

7、d its grammatical category of root,rather they modify or limit the semantic meaning of root as adj.&adv.(see Pp28-9),The Three Part-of-Speech Decisive Prefixes,en-(em-before b,p,m)en-+adj.=v.en-+n.=v.enable,enrich,enslave,empower,embodybe-be-+n.or adj.=v.be-+n.+ed=adj.befriend,belittle,benumb,becalm

8、,benighteda-a-+v.or n.=adj.astray,afoot,astir,afire,asleep,The Feature of Suffix,Suffix assumes great grammatical functions and changes the part-of-speech of the rootSuffix has less strong influence than prefix on semantic meaning of the rootSuffix usually changes the pronunciation of the root and h

9、ave the position of the stress moved,The Structure of Derivation,Type(see Pp31-2)Prefix+Free Root+SuffixCombining Form+Free RootType(see Pp32)Prefix+Bound Root+SuffixCombining Form+Combining FormPrefix+C.F.+C.F.+Suffix,Prefix and Suffix to Remember,GreekLatinhalf hemi-semi-;demi-onemono-uni-twodi-bi

10、-threetri-tri-fourtetra-quadri-fivepenta-quint-sixhexa-sex-sevenhepta-sept-,The Prefixes Indicating Numbers,GreekLatineight oct-oct-nine ennea-nona-ten deca-deci-many poly-multi-hundred hecto-cent-,可改变词性的三个前缀:,en-(em-)n.adj.v.be-n.v.or adj.a-v.adj.,抽象名词后缀:,-age percentage-domofficialdom-ery(-ry)nurs

11、ery-fulspoonful-hoodadulthood-ingschooling-ismimpressionism-shipfellowship,具体名词后缀:,-eepayee-eerpioneer-er(-or,-ar)cooker-esshostess-alrevival-ationeducation-ingearning-isttypist-mentmovement-ityequality-nessfrankness,由名词转化为形容词的后缀:,-edone-eyed-fuldelightful-ishcoldish-lessmerciless-likewolflike-lyman

12、ly-ymilky-al(-ial,-ical)philosophical-ousdesirous,由动词转成形容词的后缀:,-able(-ible,-ble)suitable-iveaggressive,副词后缀:,-lysmoothly-ward(s)forward-foldtenfold-wiseclockwise,动词后缀:,-atecalibrate-endarken-fy(-ify)simplify-izecomputerize,Homework,Pp33-8Exercise,Compounding/Composition,Compounding:由一个以上词干或减缩词干合 成新词

13、合干法:多个词干合成复合词 night-school复合缩写法:缩减词干和其他词干合成BBC,g-man,A-bomb,CIA 合词法:用连字符连接几个词 come-and-go,bread-and-butter,son-in-law,The Semantic Analysis of Compound Word,Compounding is most ancient method of word-formation,most distinctive feature of O.E.The first part modifies the second partThe compound word i

14、s usually very vivid by containing rhetorical devices,as metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche(see Pp40-2),Summary of Compounding,The meaning of a compound doesnt come from the superposition of the free words,but a totally new onee.g.greenhousegreenhorn mother witIndian paper dog daysgreenback,Compound is tr

15、eated as an independent word and grammatical part in a sentenceInflectional change can only occur at the end of the compound The stress usually falls on the first part of the compoundThe compound is usually written continuously or linked with hyphen,Categories of Compounding,1.Compound Noun 2.Compou

16、nd Adjective3.Compound Verb,Classification of 1.Compound Noun(按组成部分分类),adj.+n.hard disk deadlinen.+n.mousemat lipstickadv.+n.after-effect under-clothesPr.P.+n.working class working partyv.+n.swearword jump suitn.+v.snowfall waterproofv.+adv.show-off slip-upadv.+v.outlet upset,Classification of Compo

17、und Noun:Based on The Syntactic Relation(按组成部分间句法关系分类),限定关系:clubfootblueblood主谓关系:crybabyheartbeat动宾关系:pickpocketscarecrow主宾关系:sugar canegaslight并列关系:deaf-mute同位关系:girl friend,Extensional Summary:其它复合词合成方式,主谓式:两个词干是主语和谓语的结构关系 earthquake eye-catching crybaby联合式:两个词干是平等联合关系(并列、同位)time-schedule railway

18、 transmitter-receiver主从式:一个词干从属于另一个词干(限定、动宾式、主宾)greenback science-fiction haircut,2.Compound Adjective 按词法分类(Pp44-5),Adjective-Centered Compound Adj.Verb-Centered Compound Adj.Noun-Centered Compound Adj.Prepositional Phrase Compound Adj.Sentence Structural Compound Adj.,Adjective-Centered Compound A

19、dj.,n.+adj.fat-free care-freedog-tiredadj.+adj.bitter-sweet light-bluePr.P.+adj.freezing-cold biting-coldadv.+adj.all-around ever-victorious,Verb-Centered Compound Adj.,n.+Pr.P.car-making summer-floweringn.+Past P.home-made heart-feltadj/v.+Pr.P.ever-lasting hard-workingadj/v.+Past P.fresh-frozen fa

20、r-fetched,Noun-Centered Compound Adj.,n.+n.+-ed paper-backed hard-backedadj.+n.+-ed short-sighted tender-heartedadj.+n.long-distance red-letterv.+n.break-neck,2.Compound Adjective 按句法分类(Pp46-8),adj.+adverbial verb.+adverbialsubject+predicateverb+objectattributive+n.paratactic,3.Compound Verb,Most co

21、me from compound nounsE.g.转化法to machine-gunto outlineto nickname逆生法to speed-readto vacuum-cleanto proof-readto chain-smoke,Homework,Pp 49-54Exercise I-V,Conversion,Transmutation,Function Shift,Change the part-of-speech of a word without changing the word-form,and make it have new meaning and grammat

22、ical function(零位后缀派生法),Converted as v.(see Pp55-8)Converted as n.(see Pp59-62)部分转化:不具有名词所有语法特征p61 the poor完全转化:具有名词所有语法特征p61 shorts,a white Converted as adj.(see Pp62-4),Homework,Pp 65-9Exercise I-IV,Other Methods of Word-Formation其它构词法,Abbreviation(Shortening)Back-FormationOnomatopoeia,Abbreviation

23、 缩略法,Shortening(clipping)截短词:cut off a syllable or syllables of a wordInitialism 首字母缩略词:made up of the initial letters of each wordAcronym首字母拼音词:pronounce the initialism as one wordBlend拼缀词:one word lost one syllable or each word lost one syllable and combined into a new word,Shortening(clipping)截词尾

24、 apocope:auto automobile截词首 aphaeresis:burger hamburger截除首尾 front&back clipping:flu,fridge截除词腰 syncope:pacifist pacificist词组截短:留下词组中的一个词,用一个词表达整个词组的意思 daily daily paper截短词和原词所指一样,也会有新词义产生 fanatic fan,Initialism(p74-6),BBCVOAPRCNBACBA,MVP,VIPcm,m,kg,Acronym(p77-8),AIDSNATOUNESCOWASP,Blending(p78-9),b

25、runchsmogmotelfantabuloushijack,Homework,Pp 80-3Exercise I,III,V,VI,Back-Formation 逆生法,To get rid of the ending of a noun consciously to create a new verb e.g.swindler-to swindle escalator-to escalate(表示令人不快的升级或扩大)(See Pp84-5),To get rid of the ending of a adjective consciously to create a new verbe

26、.g.drowsy-to drowse cosy-to cose lazy-to laze(See Pp86),逆生名词:greedy-greed 逆生复合词:baby-sitter-to baby-sit housekeeper-to housekeep从地名、人名商标名逆生出新词:Frederick Banting-banting-to bant Mafeking-to maffick Deep Freezer-to deep-freeze(See Pp86-7),Homework,Pp 88Exercise 1,Onomatopoeia,To form a new word throug

27、h imitating the sound or voice of one thing(imitative word;echo word)A very ancient way of word-formation,Structure of Onomatopoeia,Use monosyllable to imitate the sound or action of one timee.g.BangUse reduplicative words to imitate the repetitive sounds or actions(sometimes changes occur in vowels

28、 or consonants)e.g.quack-quack,tick-tack,ding-dong,e.g.bibble babble 唠叨dilly dally 磨蹭 gibblegabble 喋喋不休ta ta(儿语词:再见)wee wee(儿语词:尿尿)(See Pp92),5 Features of Onomatopoeia,一物多音:(see Pp89)钟响声ringing,chiming,tingting,jingling 一音多物(义):(see Pp89)“peal”the peal of bells 当当 peals of thunder隆隆 peals of laught

29、er响亮,三种模仿对象:人、事物、动物(see Pp90)e.g.ha-ha,hiss,bubble两种用途:模拟声音并兼指发音的动作(v.)e.g.to howl,to twitter发音和语义有某种联系:联觉音组(see Pp90)e.g.gr-sn-ush-unkfl-sl-,Homework,Pp 92-4Exercise I,III,Extensional Summary:其他构词法名称,转类法:通过词类转化构造新词(零位派生)to look,to have a look,to report,a report,poor,the poor,old,the old,Would you l

30、ike a with or without?语义法:通过多义词语义的分解构成新词,一个多义词的本义和转义之间的语义联系完全丧失,分解为两个独立的同音词nail-nail,sense-sense,air-air,语(拟)音法:通过语音形式构词 ping-pong,cuckoo,bla-修辞法:通过修辞格利用语言中原有的词或词素,添加比喻、借代等方法构词 antenna(触须)-antenna(天线)cross(十字架)-cross(苦难、原罪),构词法,前缀法 后缀法 前后缀法 去缀法(中缀法)主从式 合干法-联合式 复合缩写法 主谓式 合词法 内部曲折法(阿拉伯语)转类法 语义法 语音法 修辞法,

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