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1、翻译基础Translation Techniques,Lecture 7 Restructuring翻译中的结构调整,Outline,I.homework checkII.英汉语言的词序差异III.Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation 3.1.Keeping the Original Sequence3.2 Reversing According to Time Sequence3.3.Adverbial Clauses in a Complex Sentence3.4.Cases Involving Adverbials3.5.That-C
2、lause Used as a Judgment or ConclusionIV.Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation4.1 Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations4.2 定语的位置4.3 几种定语后置现象4.4 状语的位置,viii.Omitting synonyms,英语句子中有些短语重复出现，或者具有相同意义的词重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。1）To our knowledge,advertisement and commercials do many importa
3、nt things for society;they convey business information,facilitate communication and help keep the business world moving.据我们所知，广告在社会中起着重要的作用：传递商品信息，促进交流，使商界正常运作。2）The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
4、兹经买卖双方同意成交下列商品，特签定如下条款。,ix.Omission of redundant words 冗词赘语的省略,1）Part-time job hunters who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not.寻找兼职，有工作经验者优先聘用。2）There was no snow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead.没有下雪，但叶落草枯。3）There was still the faith that ordin
5、ary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end.仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。,Part IV.Omission In C-E Translation:,1.省略表范畴的词语说服工作 persuasion 落后状态 backwardness自满情绪 arrogance 疯狂行为 madness紧张关系/局势 tension 测量办法 measurement讨论的
6、范围涉及中美关系、中俄关系。The discussion covers Sino-U.S.relation and Sino-Russian relation.中国现时的农业生产的发展状况The present development of Chinas agriculture今年上半年进口计划的执行情况也是好的。Our import-export in the first half of his year has gone very well.,2.省译重复词语,1)搞好重点商品、重点市场、重点地区大案要案的清查。We should investigate key commodities,m
7、arkets and areas to clear up major cases.2)沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发就在沉默中灭亡。Silence!Silence!Unless we burst out,we shall perish in this silence.3)我们党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。Our party must always represent the development trend of Chinas advanced productive forces,the orientation of Chin
8、as advanced culture,and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.,3.省译同义词,异词同义重复，又称同义词重复在汉语中十分普遍，尤其是四字对偶词组，如残酷无情、铜墙铁壁、无独有偶、直言无隐、横行霸道、自言自语、字斟句酌等等。汉语语言表达中同义反复，搭床架屋的现象按西方思维就不符合逻辑，视为英文表达的大忌。因此，汉译英时往往省译同义词。全体员工精诚团结，上下一心。All the staff unite in absolute sincerity.目标的轻重缓急，孰先
9、孰后，是在那里决定的。Target priorities were established there.他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.男男女女，熙熙攘攘，络绎不绝。Men and women hurried by in long,shifting lines.,4.省译没有实际意义的词语,汉语修辞语在程度上往往强于英语，“大词”的使用频率偏高。汉语表达习惯于在形容词和动词前加上副词，只是起强调作用，或便于阅读时朗朗上口，这些副词都没有实际意义，翻译时可以省略。如：十分重要、真抓实干、切实加强
10、、认真执行、彻底粉碎我们要大力发扬求真务实，勇于创新的精神。We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality,truth-seeking and courage in innovation.狠抓管理，安全生产。Improving management and ensuring safe production.,5.调整句法结构，省译某些词语,马克思主义的发展史充分说明：解放思想，实事求是是引导社会前进的强大力量。The history of Marxism fully shows that the principle em
11、ancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts leads to great social progress.,6.从文化角度省译词语,1）因为他长得伶俐可爱，大人们都爱跟他玩；这个说：“二黑，算一算十岁属什么？”那个说：“二黑，给我补一课！”As he was such a lovely child,all grown-ups enjoyed joking with him.2）当他六岁时，他爹就教他识字。识字课本既不是五经、四书，也不是常识国语，而是天干、地支、五行、八卦、六十四卦名等学起，进一步便学些百中经、玉匣记、增删卜易、麻衣神相、奇
12、门遁甲、阴阳宅等书。When he was six,his father started teaching him some characters from books on the art of fortune-telling,rather than the Chinese classics.,金缕衣 杜秋娘,劝君莫惜金缕衣，劝君惜取少年时。花开堪折直须折，莫待无花空折枝。Spare not,my friend,the gold-embroidered gown,Miss not,the years of youth-enjoy them now.Come,pluck the flower
13、while the plucking is good,Wait not until you pluck the empty bough.,Background Knowledge and Explanation,杜秋娘，本为金陵女子；生卒年不详，唐代金陵（今南京市）女子，能歌善舞。杜牧有杜秋娘诗述其事。诠释该诗的故事：一个年轻人在一条花径上，要选择摘下一朵最大最美的花，但条件是不许回头。年轻人走啊走的，见一朵不错的，想伸手摘下，回心一想，前面也许有更大更美的吧。往前走果然又见一朵属意的，想伸手摘下时，又希望前面有更大更美的，于是再往前走。如此周而复始，结果走尽花径，空手而归。“花开堪折直须折，
14、莫待无花空折枝”，“花”是生命中所有珍贵的事物：生命中的感情、时光、理想、自由、精力、健康、金钱这一切都是生命的宝藏。,Definition and Examples,Restructuring，as one of the translation techniques，means the necessary or inevitable change of word order in a sentence according to the usage of the target language.It is also called rearrangement or inversion.翻译时根据
15、译文的语言习惯，对原文的词序进行调整，使译文做到最大程度上的通顺，这就是换序译法。It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperity and how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.美国人以疯狂的热情追求富足生活，却又怀疑自己是否真正选中了致富的最佳捷径，因此深受自我折磨之苦。见到美国人如此生活，旁观者真是百思不解
16、。An American will build a house in which to pass his old age and sell it before the roof is on.美国人会为安度晚年去兴建一幢房子，却又会在房顶还没架上屋梁时就把它卖掉。,I.Different Word Order in English and Chinese,English sentence patterns:MinorMajor NearFar Specific-General Weak-Strong汉语一般把重要的、语气强的词语紧靠中心词，而英语恰恰相反。His address is 3612
17、Market Street，Philadelphia，PA.19109，USA.他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号，邮政编码19104。My uncle passed away in hospital at 2:30 a.m.on September 12，1999.我的伯父于1999年，月12日凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。一定要分清敌我。We must draw a clear distinction between ourselves and the enemy.,Analyze the long sentence and judge the Chinese order:,I b
18、elieve(1)that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations(2)-so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning(3)-when I say(4)that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past(5),ma
19、tched by an equally determined will to do better in the future(6),so that we can escape from frustration(7)and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement(8).汉语表达习惯：5-6-7-8-4-1-3-2,Chinese Version,这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估我们过去的失误的时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机。这样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成
20、就。当我讲这番话时，我相信-今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信-我是代表联合国每一位真诚和严肃的代表讲话的。,II Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation,2.1.Keeping the Original Sequence Laid out in the early 15th century,the Forbidden City unfolds powerfully in courtyard after courtyard,as if the power of the emperor himself could never quite be re
21、ached.早在15世纪初，紫禁城就形成了现在的格局：重重庭院错落有致，气势显赫，犹如皇帝的龙威，可望而不可及。In order to survive,to feed,clothe and shelter himself and his children,man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断进行斗争。,2.2 Reversing According to Time Sequence,English sentences are generally bound by syntac
22、tical rules，and they are often arranged in order of importance；while Chinese sentences are more flexible，and usually arranged according to the sequence of time.He had to quit the position and went into exile，having been deprived of his power.他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。We had been dismayed at home while rea
23、ding of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。As was cleared up some time later,news came from a distance that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：小
24、铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,2.3.Adverbial Clauses in a Complex Sentence,Adverbial clauses of condition，concession or cause，and so on in English may stand either before or after a principal clause，however,when translated into Chinese，they are normally placed before the principal clause.The government
25、 is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end.不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。The librarians have compiled a card-index catalogue so that they can afford facilities for reference.为便于参考起见，图书馆馆员们编制了索引目录卡。No matter how hard he tried,he failed at last.不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。,2.4.Cases
26、 Involving Adverbials,There are cases in which an adverbial（or an adj.phrase）in English functions as an adverbial clause（or non-restrictive clause）In Chinese the adverbial（or adj.phrase)is usually placed at the end of the sentence and is amplified into a sentence.They，not unexpectedly，did not respon
27、d.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。Illogically，she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership，his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。,2.5.That-Clause Used as a Judgment
28、 or Conclusion,That-clause is usually adopted in expressing a judgment or conclusion.When a that-clause which serves as the subject（of a sentence or a clause）is too long and consequently“it”is simultaneously used as the formal subject，restructuring is often called for，so as to conform to the Chinese
29、 usage.I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。It is not surprising that，when humidity is low，the water evaporates rapidly from the fruit.在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水分蒸发就快，
30、这是不足为奇的。,More Examples:,It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had intended to pay to China in January.我原打算在1月访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight.要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。,III.Restructuring
31、in Chinese-English Translation,3.1 Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations3.2 定语的位置3.3 几种定语后置现象3.4 状语的位置,3.1 Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations,heart-warming暖人心的 tough-minded 意志坚强的East China 华东 north and south,east and west 东西南北rain or shine 无论晴雨Inconsistency of deeds with
32、 words 言行不一the iron and steel industry 钢铁工业quick of eye and deft of hand 手疾眼快Food,clothing,shelter and transportation 衣食住行you,he and I 我、你、他前前后后，来来去去Back and forth,to and fro 一切可能的手段 Every means possible,3.2 定语的位置,英语中单词、短语、从句等都可作为定语。一般来说，单词放在所修饰的名词前，短语与从句放其后。精湛的工艺（工艺精湛）fine workmanship 一支落败的军队 a def
33、eated army 社会主义的现代化强国 a modem，powerful socialist country一位美国现代优秀作家 an outstanding contemporary American writer各条战线上的先进工作者们 advanced workers from various fronts英国是第一个承认中国的西方大国。Britain was the first Western power to recognize China.,3.3 定语后置现象(I),修饰以some,any,every,no 为词根的词汇定语要后置他想找一个可靠的人帮助工作。He wanted
34、 to get someone reliable to help in the work.今天报上有什么重要的消息吗？Is there anything important in todays paper?咱们到一个安静的地方去吧。Lets go somewhere quiet.医生为救病人，尽到了一切必要的努力。The doctor did everything necessary to save the patient.这个句子没有什么不对的地方。There is nothing wrong with this sentence.,3.3 定语后置现象(II),表语形容词作定语必须后置,某
35、些分词用作定语时也须后置 他真是一个活雷锋。He is indeed a Lei Feng alive.他们收下赠送的礼物，十分高兴。They were very glad to have accepted the presents offered.那些唱歌的人大部分是妇女。Most of the people singing were women.他要求有关的人员都积极参加这项工作。He urged those concerned to take an active part in the work.日本和我们是一衣带水的邻邦。Japan is our close neighbor sepa
36、rated only by a narrow strip of water.,3.3 定语后置现象(III),某些表示位置，方向的副词后置 这是唯一的出路。This is the only way out.他作了一次国外旅行，刚刚回来。He has just returned from his trip abroad.,3.3 定语后置现象(IV),某些以 ible 或 able 结尾的形容词用作定语时，与 every，the only，或形容词最高级连用来修饰名词时，也常放在名词后面。我们一定要用一切可能的办法来帮助他们。We must help them in every way poss
37、ible.这是这儿能找到的唯一参考书。This is the only reference book available here.,Now You Try:,他们努力尽可能快的速度提高产量。They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible.在太空中有各种各样肉眼看不见的波。There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eye in the aerospace.这是能想像得出的最好解决办法。This is the best solution
38、 imaginable.,3.4 状语的位置,1)他整天工作。He works all day long.2)他们因为下雨取消了那次郊游。They cancelled the outing because of the rain.3）由于用电作动力，这种小汽车不污染空气。Powered by electricity,these small cars do not pollute the air.4）如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。It would be appreciated if samples and/or brochure could be soon forwarded to us.
39、,Now You Try:,乌云散掉之后，太阳又开始放射光芒。The dark clouds having dispersed,the sun shone again.使他吃惊的是，她不仅没有表扬他，反而批评了他。To his surprise,she criticized him instead of praising him.会议将于明天下午在国际会议厅举行。The meeting will be held in the International Conference Hall tomorrow afternoon.他出生在绍兴附近一个小村子里。He was born in a small village near Shaoxing.,Reference and Suggestions for further study,英汉互译实践与技巧 Unit 6(p65-74)英汉翻译方法与试笔 第五章第七节-第八节（p 219-231）,
