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1、Lecture 1 Phonetic Basis,飞行学院 wpcluke上海工程技术大学,笔试（150分钟，250分）,中级口译笔试介绍,第一部分：听力(40分钟，),第二部分：阅读技能(50分钟，60分）,第三部分：英译汉(30分钟，50分),第四部分：汉译英(30分钟，50分),90分,听写部分,(40分钟，90分)听力,第一部分:听写(spot dictation),第二部分:听力理解(listening comprehension),第三部分:听译(listening and translation),单句(statements),对话；讲话(talks and conversati
2、ons),句子听译(sentence translation),段落听译(passage translation),Part A:spot dictation:20空/30分；Part B:listening comprehension:30题/30分 Part C:listening translation:(5句子2短文)/30分,Phonetic Basis,英音 vs 美音音变 1.浊化 2.连读 3.不完全爆破,英音 vs.美音,英语和美语在读音上的差异主要反映在元音字母a,o和辅音字母r 的不同读音上。另外有些单词拼写虽同，发音不同。We have really everythin
3、g in common with America nowadays except,of course,language.-Oscar Wilde,Back,英音 vs.美音(1),美音几乎所有闭音节a都读，而英国音则发作/a:/。A few good man Pass,chance,ask,cant,dance,fast,half,path,fast,last,task,staff,example,glass,commander,castle,branch,answer,Back,英音 vs.美音(2),在box,popular,politician,pot,crop,hot,ironic,p
4、olish,spot这一类单词中，英国人将字母o读作,而美国人则将o读作近似a:音的a。,Back,英音 vs.美音(3),辅音字母r在单词中是否读音是英语与美语的又一明显差异。在英语的r音节中不含卷舌音r，而美语的r音节中含卷舌音r，如下列词在英语和美语中读音是不同的：,Back,1.car,door,river,party,board dirty,morning,term,interpretation,for work,word,teacher,horse,whore,were,towards,hard,are,where,university,honor 2.engineering,vo
5、lunteer,hear,near,hair,air,where Was,bus,luckThe lady is not for turning Trojan warLegally blonde,英音 vs.美音(4),有些词在美国英语和英国英语中虽然词义和拼写相同，但发音不同。例如：neither,either,tomato Often,a 1.Veronica Guerin2.Womens conference3.A Tomato Event4.thank you for smoking press conference,Back,美式英语和英式英语的词汇辩析,音变主要有连读，失音，弱化，
6、浊化，同化，重音，缩读等形式。这些形式的产生可以归结为一个原则，即“Economy”“经济”原则，或称为省力原则。人们为追求说话省事方便，音变现象于是逐渐衍变出来。不用，甭，干嘛？不晓得/biao dei/人家/ra/,浊化,1./S/后的清辅音在重读时要读成其相对的浊辅音:discussion expression experience dispatch mistake 如果/S/后的清辅音不重读,就不变音.Test gasp nest desk 2.美音中当清辅音 t 夹在两个元音之间，前一个是重读元 音，后一个是轻读元音时,美国人习惯将清辅音浊化。matter,letter,butter
7、,water,writer,city,forty 美国人和加拿大人发音为了省事，习惯清音浊化，尤其是t在单词的中间一定会浊化成d，但英国人发音不会这样，这也是英音和美音的一大区别。New York Senate Race Speech,Back,连读(linking),1.My honor.2.I just know it.3.I like your eyes.4.One of my friends.5.When I was young.6.Largest aerial battle7.I spent an hour waiting.8.All of you have been so luck
8、y.9.I saw the whole accident with my own eyes.,Back,连读规律,连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同 属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都 不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不 可读得太重，也不可加音。连读符号：The most potential realestate developer.I spent anhour waiting fora taxi.Allof you have been so lucky.如果相邻两词不属一个意群，则不可连读。She opened the door and walkedin.（door与and之间不
9、可以连读）,(1)“辅音+元音”型连读,在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。Ms Black worked inanoffice yesterday.Itisanold book.ImanEnglish boy.She left halfanhour ago.Allof them smiled.She received anorder from the king.No plane can travelin reverse.I have runout of allof my money.please turnup the ra
10、dio.My oralEnglish is pretty rusty.Pullup these plants by the roots.Cancelit,right now!Tellus a story.moist airindependence day,如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r或re不但要发/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。1.Afterall.Thank you for your smoking-PB-19 2.Foureggs.3.Take care of it.4.I like youreyes.5.This is yourapple.6
11、.But whereis my cup?7.I looked forit hereand there.8.Well,I wasnt clear about my future.9.Thereare some books on the desk.但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer与and不可连读）,(2)“r/re+元音”型连读,(3)同化连读,音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。主要是以下三种方式：1.辅音
12、d与j相邻时，被同化为d3：Would you.?2.辅音t与j相邻时，被同化为t：Cant you.？3.辅音s与j相邻时,被同化为：Miss youI want nobody nobody,but you!Did you work it out?Wouldyou likea cupof tea?Couldyou help me,please?I missyou so much.She went to America lastyear.,(4)“y/w+元音”型连读,如果前一个词是以-y结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的y不但要发/j/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读.its my hono
13、r to be your president.My own son betrayed me.There is nothing to worry about.The pilot is going to fly an old airplane.如果前一个词是以-w结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的w或不但要发/w/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读.American president-5.11i just know it.She likes to show off her fine clothes.His show-off only serves to show up his ignorance.
14、Where did you grow up?Grow up like mushrooms.,不完全爆破(incomplete plosion),不完全爆破，又叫失去爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。爆破音有3对/p/b/t/d/k/g/,Back,单词内部不完全爆破,(1)不完全爆破可发生在单词内部如：bla(ck)board,foo(t)ball,ke(p)t 等。括号中的辅音字母对应的辅音音素/k/，/t/，/p/稍作停顿，没发出音 来。,单词间不完全爆破(1),(2)不完全爆破在两个相邻单词之间出现的情况非常多1、“爆破音+爆破音”型6个爆破
15、音中的任意2个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。,Practice,The girl in the re(d)coat was on a bla(ck)bike.The bi(g)bus from the fa(c)tory is full of people.Wha(t)time does he get up every morning?This is an ol(d)pi(c)ture of a bi(g)car.The ol(d)do(c)tor has a ca(t),too.Were going to work on a
16、 farm nex(t)Tuesday.What would you like,ho(t)tea or bla(ck)coffee?Its a very col(d)day,but its a goo(d)day.You can put i(t)down in the bi(g)garden.I bought a chea(p)book,but its a goo(d)book.,单词间不完全爆破(2),爆破音+鼻音：mn Goo(d)morning,dear.Do you know his bi(ke)number?-Sorry,I don(t)know.,单词间不完全爆破(3),爆破音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/在 d,的前面时不完全爆破。如:1)Have you rea(d)the book abou(t)tha(t)child。2)The thir(d)chair is broken.,不完全爆破示范,1.珍珠港-There Youll Be2.10 things I hate about you,
