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1、The Theory and Practice of Translation,Presented by WEI Jianhua(Baker)School of Foreign LanguagesGuangdong Institute of Petrochemical TechnologyE-mail:,Unit One Introduction 第一章 绪论：翻译的基本知识,第一节 The Definition&Nature of Translation(翻译的定义和性质),Why do we l have the class of translation?,English-Chinese W
2、ritten Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,Teaching Courseware,Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language:Many of those who learn English will be English-Chinese translators in the future.It is very necessary for us to have a good command of both th
3、e source language and the target language,and of the theories and techniques in translation.Without knowing the theories and techniques,one will most likely take a roundabout course in the translation work.,返回,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,so
4、urce language n.The language from which a translation is to be made.（被译出的语言）,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,target language n.1、The language into which a text written in another language is to be translated.（目标语言;用另一种语言写成的文件;将被翻译成的语言）2、A langu
5、age that a nonnative speaker is in the process of learning.（目标语言;一个人正在学习的一种非母语语言）3、Also called:object language,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,What is translation?,_,Translation：,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianh
6、ua.All Rights Reserved,What is translation?,An activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language,B.Eugine Nida（尤金奈达,American translation theorist）：Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-l
7、anguage message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Nida&Taber:The Theory and Practice of Translation),（翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。）,(所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体在译文中用最贴切最自然的对等语去再现原文的信息。),Translation：,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,第
8、二节 Translation in the West,I.How Translation Came into Being,A.People used to speak a same language?,C.Translation seemed impossible in the past,but needed in foreign exchanges.,B.How comes that there are so many languages in the world?,D.Writing or guessing is a kind of translating.,返回,English-Chin
9、ese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,As a matter of fact,guessing what other people mean is also a kind of translating.,返回,To write is to translate what one is thinking of or understanding.,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All
10、 Rights Reserved,返回,第三节 Translation in China(翻译在中国),Translation cause in China has a history of about 2,000 years.In the Zhou Dynasty：五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同，大其志，通 其欲，东方曰“寄”，南方曰“象”，西方曰“狄醍”，北方曰“译”。选自礼记（Rites）,Up to 150 AD,in the last few years of the Eastern Han Dynasty,Buddhist Scripture was translated and w
11、as handed down till today from that time.隋书says“翻译最为通解,which are the earliest two characters(翻译)in Chinese history.,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,In the Tang Dynasty,translation was quite popular.There was a famous monk named Xuan Zang(玄奘),wh
12、o had been to India and stayed there for 17 years.Having returned home,he translated many books of Buddhism into Chinese.It was Tang Xuanzang who became in Chinese history the first person that translated some of Lao Zis books into Sanskrit(梵文)，an ancient Indic language that is the language of Hindu
13、ism and the Vedas(吠陀经)and is the classical literary language of India.,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,By the end of the Qing Dynasty：Yan Fu(严复)，president of Yanjing University(燕京大学)，and a great translator and professor,introduced a large numbe
14、r of foreign books into the Chinese people by means of translation.He also put forward the well-known criteria for translation,that is Faithfulness,comprehensibility and elegance(信、达、雅).,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,返回,Translation is for int
15、er-lingual（语际语言学的）communication,bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers,and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language.Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations.Translation gives information,reveals fee
16、lings and affects peoples thought or behavior.Without translation,the worldwide civilization would not be possible.,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,The English-Chinese translation proves to be a valuable aid to the English learner because it gi
17、ves him or her a better understanding of the English language and the Chinese language.It helps the English major brush up his or her English used as either the source language or the target language.,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,返回,1.4 The
18、Criteria for Translation(翻译的标准),Mr Yan Fu said:“Translation involves three requirements difficult to fulfill:faithfulness,comprehensibility and elegance.”,The Book of Changes(易经)says“修辞立诚”which means fidelity is of writing.,子曰:辞达而已（Confucius said,“Writing should be comprehensible）.He also said:“Wher
19、e language has no refinement,its effects will not extend far.”(言之无文,行之不远)So in addition to faithfulness and comprehensibility,we should strive for elegance too if necessary.,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,Mr.Lu Xun put forward the criteria for
20、 translation:faithfulness and expressiveness(忠实，通顺).He also said:“翻译必须兼顾着两面，一则当然求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”,Today translators think highly what Yan Fu said and what Lu Xun said about the criteria for translation.In recent decades when people translate the documents of the United Nations,they follow the criter
21、ia:accuracy,smoothness and popularity.(准确、通顺、易懂),The common criteria of translation faithfulness and expressiveness（现今翻译标准：忠实、通顺）,English-Chinese Written Translation.Copyright(C)2012 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,严复:“信、达、雅”(1898)，源于三国时期（AD 220-280）：,诸佛典在天竺。天竺言语,与汉异音名物不同,传实不易仆初嫌其不雅。维祗难曰：“佛言依其义不用
22、饰,取其法不以严。其传经者,勿失厥义,是则为善。”座中咸曰：“老氏称美言不信,信言不美。”今传胡义,实且径达。”支谦法句经序,严复:“信、达、雅”(1898)，源于三国时期（AD 220-280）：,诸佛典在天竺。天竺言语,与汉异音名物不同,传实不易仆初嫌其不雅。维祗难曰：“佛言依其义不用饰,取其法不以严。其传经者,勿失厥义,是则为善。”座中咸曰：“老氏称美言不信,信言不美。”今传胡义,实且径达。”支谦法句经序,“达”：指译文使用标准汉语(to translate in normal target language),(二)黄龙:现代人应该如此理解严复的标准(1988),“雅”：指译文的美学价
23、值(to be aesthetic in elegant target text),(三)刘重德：“信、达、切”(1998),“信”：指准确地传达原文的内容（to be faithful to the content of the original）,“信”：指信于原文内容（to be faithful to the content of the original）,“达”：指具备原文的表现力（to be as expressive as the original）,“切”：指尽可能接近原文风格(to be as close to the original style as possible）
24、,(四)鲁 迅：,“翻译必须兼顾着两面，一则当然求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”(？),Chinese-English Written Translation.Copyright(C)2007 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,第二讲:汉译英绪论,3.译文(表达)应像原文一样流畅(A translation should have all the case of the original composition.)。,(五)傅 雷：,(六)钱钟书：,(七)泰特勒(Alexander F.Tytler,英国爱丁堡大学教授、翻译理论学家):,1.译文应该完全传
25、达愿文的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.）。,2.译文的风格和笔调应与原文一致(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.)。,Chinese-English Written Translation.Copyright(C)2007 by Wei Jianhua.All Rights Reserved,“神似”（similarity in spirit）。,“化境”（sublimation),即“出神入化”。,第二讲:汉译英绪论,(八)西方最流行的翻译标准,等值(equivalent value),等效(equivalent effect),功能对等(functional equivalence),(九)初学者常用的翻译标准,忠实(faithfulness),通顺(smoothness),译者的主要任务：,（张培基,1980:8）,汉译英的主要任务：,表达别人的意思,而不是自己进行创作！,“要把中国事物用英语写出来,让外国人 看懂,做到拼法正确,句子平稳,合乎英语的用法,也不是轻而易举的 事。（庄绎传,1999：7）,
