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1、第三讲 主谓一致与倒装,一、主谓一致,主谓一致是指句子的谓语动词要与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。1)语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，这类题的出题方式一般是要求考生根据已给的主语或主语部分在四个选项中选出与之相配的正确的谓语动词。,要点1就近原则：not only.but also;either.or;neither.nor;or 连接两个主语时，谓语动词应与第二个主语保持一致。要点2 就远原则：在主语与谓语之间插入短语 as well as,together
2、with,along with,with,except,but谓语动词不受插入语的影响仍和主语保持一致。要点3 时间、距离、金钱等词语做主语表总量时，谓语动词用单数。,分类,1.名词做主语的情况：通常情况下，做主语的名词为单数，谓语动词肯定用单数；名词为复数，谓语动词用复数。但下列情况应特别注意：（1）要求用单数谓语动词的名词：表示国家、学科、书、杂志或剧名的词，如 mathematics，the Unitsd States 等；不可数名词，如information，new，furniture)，the population(人口)等做主语时，谓语动词用单数。Physics is so dif
3、ficult for me to learn well.The new advanced machinery has been sent to the factory Harry Potter is very popular all over the world,（2）要求用复数谓语动词的名词：arms(武装)，clothes(衣服)，goods(货物)，people(人)，police(警察)，cattle(牛)，youth(年轻人)等做主语时，谓语动词用复数。The goods have been transported to you by sea.货物已经海运发给你了。The peopl
4、e who go online include those who are looking for better opportunities.上网人包括那些寻找更好机会的人,（3）要求用单数或复数谓语动词的名词：有些名词在做主语时，其所需的谓语动词要看情形而定。表示两个对称部分组成的事物的名词，单独做主语时，谓语动词用复数；用量词或表示类别的词修饰后作主语时，谓语动词根据量词的数目变换。这类词有：shoes(鞋)，pants(裤子)，shorts(短裤)，glasses(眼镜)，trousers(长裤)，scissors(剪子)，等等。修饰这些词的短语有：kind of type of pai
5、r of quantity of amount of,等等。The new shoes I just bought are for my daughter.The pair of glasses belongs to her motherTwo types of pants are sold out.,（4）单、复数同形的名词做主语时，强调单数时用单数谓语动词，强调复数时用复数谓语动词。这类词有：family(家庭、家庭成员)，team(队、队员)，class(班级、班级成员)，government(政府、政府官员)，club(俱乐部、俱乐部成员)，public(公众，公民)，group(小组
6、、小组成员)，crowd(群、一群人)，crew(工作人员)，means(方法)，works(工厂)，sheep(羊)，fish(鱼)，Japanese(日本人)，Chinese(中国人)，any(无论哪个、无论那些)，等等。Her family is very warm.Every member of her family is so friendly.The class is/are interested in his lectures.,2.代词做主语的情况：,（1）要求单数谓语动词的代词：Someone、anyone、no one、everyone、something、nothing、
7、each,等等。Each of them in the team has been working hard.队里的每一个人都一直在努力训练。No one likes your book.没人喜欢你的书。,（2）代词后接名词，谓语动词则根据其名词而定。这类代词及其形式有：all of some of half of none of most of lost of a lot of plenty of等等。同样这些代词，后不加of时，用法相同。some of the people were late this morning for the heavy rain.some of water is
8、 left in the cup.All the things are in the car now.some work is easy.,3.数量词做主语的情况：,Many a+可数名词单数+谓语动词用单数，表示“许多”。A numder of+名词复数+谓语动词用复数，表示“许多”。The number of+名词复数+谓语动词用单数，表示“。的数量”。,Many a student now in high school has taken TOEFL.如今许多中学生都考了托福A number of soldiers have gone to Sichuan Province 许多士兵都去
9、了四川省The numder of the students in our school is 2,000.我们学校的学生数是2000,百分数作主语,百分数作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数据其意义而定。90 percent of students have passed the test(students复数)百分之九十的学生通过了考试。90 percent is a large percentage.（强调百分比）百分之九十是个很大的比例。,时间、价格、距离、度量单位等,时间、价格、距离、度量单位等名词或短语做主语时，无论单、复数，谓语动词一律用单数。Ten years has passed.过
10、去10年了500 meters is not far at all We can walk there.500米根本不远，我们可以走过去。,4.从句或短语做主语时，谓语动词用单数。,Reading books is a good way to learn more.How far we can go is a problemWhat I said is good to you.注意：Who和what引导的从句做主语时，如果指具体的人或事，谓语动词的单、复数则须根据其含义而定。What I need are things like books pens notebooks and so on 我
11、需要的是书、笔、本子之类的东西。,练习和总结,一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.并列结构作主语谓语用复数Reading and writing are very important.注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and stee
12、l industry is very important to our life.,主谓一致中的靠近原则,1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.,crowd,class,company,committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。,His family isnt
13、 very large.他家不是一个大家庭。His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。Are there any police around?,有些名词，如variety,number,population,proportion,majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。,A number of+名词复数+复数动词。The number of+名词复数+单数动词。A number of books have lent out.一些书已借出（lend out）
14、The majority of the students like English.大部人喜欢英语,与后接名词或代词保持一致,1)用half of,part of,most of,a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.,2)在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时，动
15、词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市,倒装句,要点1 only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首强调时，后面的主语与谓语必须部分倒装。要点2 一些含有否定意义的词，置于句首强调时如：not only,not until.,never,hardly,no sooner,scarcely,little,nowhere,in no time.等短语，后面的主语和谓语必须部分倒装。
16、,倒装句有疑问句、there be 句型、表愿望的句子、感叹句等。除此之外：,（1）有些连接词引导的句子需要倒装。如so,neither,nor等等。Jim can drive a car,so can I.Jim会开车，我也会。（2）有些副词和连词引导的分句也需要倒装。但倒装的部分不同，需要特别记忆。如as引导的分句需将被强调的词前置到句首，即提前+as+主谓语顺序不变。而however 引导的分句是:however+被强调词+谓语顺序不变。Try as she might,Sue couldnt get the door open 尽管苏费很大的劲儿尝试，问就是打不开。I really w
17、ant the car,however much it costs.不管多贵，我就是要这辆车。,(3)有些副词引导的句子，如here there now then out in down up away等等，需要主谓语倒装。但如果主语是代词，则主谓语不倒装。Here comes the boss.老板来了(the boss,here,comes.)Here he comes他来了(comes,here,he)Out rushed the boy,no one knew why.男孩冲出去了(rush out)，没人知道原因。,(4)具有否定意义的词或短语作句首时，主谓语倒装。这些词有：hard
18、ly seldom rarely little barely scarcely in no time not never by no means hardly,when no sooner than not only but also,等等。Hardly had she sat down when the phone rang.她刚坐下电话铃就响了(hardly when.)Never had she been so confused 她还从来没有这样困扰过。(never),Hardly/scarcely/rarely had.donewhen;no sooner had.done than
19、这几个句型 when 和than 从句里一般用过去时，主句用过去完成时，且倒装。表示“刚.就.”Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.No sooner had we started than the car got a flat tyre 轮胎漏气,(5)Only作句首强调副词、介词短语或状语从句时主谓倒装，但强调主语时不倒装。Only in this way can we find him.只有这样(in this way)我们才能找到他Only Tom can find him.只有Tom能找到他,复习1.时态,If+I+,虚拟语
20、气的倒装形式怎么用?,_ your address，I would have written to you.A.Did I know B.Were I to know C.Had I known D.If I should knowC。这是虚拟语气的倒装形式。当虚拟条件句中含有 were，had，should，could等动词时，可以将if省略，然后将 were，had，should，could 等词移至句首：1.If he should fail，he would kill himself.Should he fail，he would kill himself.万一失败，他就会自杀。2.I
21、f I were you，I would do it at once.Were I you，I would do it at once.假若我是你，我就会马上做。,3.If I could do it，I would.Could I do it，I would.要是我能做此事，我一定会做。4.If he had seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it.Had he seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it.他昨天要是看到了你，他就会问你这事了。顺便说一句，以上移至句首的 had不一定是助动词，如果是实义动词也可倒装：If he had money，he would buy a car.Had he money，he would buy a car.他要是有钱，他就会买一辆小车。,
