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1、四级翻译题,大学英语四级考试改革后，取消了原有的词汇与语法结构部分的试题，增添了新翻译这部分的新题型，与以往作为四级考试备选题型之一的英译汉不同，新题型的翻译改为汉译英，增加了一定的难度。,翻译题型三大考点,1.固定搭配考点：这是翻译中的最为核心的考点，也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点。比如说名词与动词搭配，形容词与名词搭配，动词与副词的修饰关系，名词与介词搭配，更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达，这些都可能成为考试的命题重点。,例1：By contrast,American mothers were more likely _(把孩子的成功归因于)natural talent.(大纲样题)
2、。【考点剖析】这个题目就非常典型。有两个固定搭配考点：1)be likely to do sth;2)oweto/attributeto(把归功、因于),2.核心语法考点：这部分语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点的重现和转移，尽管词汇单选题现在不考了，但是还是不能忽视这部分题目，因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的虚拟语气，其次是倒装结构、从句知识、非谓语动词等。,例：Not only _(他向我收费过高),but he didnt do a good repair job either(大纲样题)【考点剖析】本题同样为典型的语法考点。考查了考生对倒装结构这个特殊语法现象的掌握情况。句首的
3、Not only决定了倒装连接，下文用了过去时态，因此这里需在he之前加did。所以答案应该为did he overcharge me。,3.核心动词以及动词短语的考查,例1：Though a skilled worker,_(他被公司解雇了)last week because of the economic crisis.【考点剖析】本题的重要考点就是考生对“解雇”这个核心动词的翻译。可以表示解雇的有dismiss,discharge,fire等。,解题对策,1）在进行翻译练习时，尽量力求翻译答案多样化，以便扩展思维，开阔思路，掌握重点核心表达。例：(为了挣钱供我上学)_,mother of
4、ten takes on more work than is good for her,【考点剖析】对于“为了挣钱供我上学“的表达，我们可以说To earn money for my education;To earn money for my schooling;In order to make money to finance my education;In order to make money to fund my education;In order to earn money to afford my education等。表达多样化，发散性思维，对地道英文表达的积累很有帮助，直接
5、与四级考试中翻译与写作题型相关。,2）.绝对不能忽视以前词汇语法的单项选择题，尽量在以前的词汇题中挖掘新四级翻译考点例：The author was required to submit an abstract of about 200 words together with his research paper.,2004年1月份四级考试词汇单选题,句中的submit(提交)这个考点词在2006年6月的新四级的翻译题中再次出现，这足以说明以前的词汇语法题目的考点与新题型中的翻译题考点具有延续性与继承性。,He gave a pledge to handle the affairs in a
6、friendly manner.【考点探究】本题为2003年6月四级考试的词汇单选题，handle the affairs in a friendly manner(以友好的方式处理事务)是一个核心表达，很有可能在翻译中考查。因为在这句话中，出现了考点叠加的现象：第一，give a pledge to do sth(承诺做某事)；第二，handle(处理)这个核心动词的用法；第三，in manner(以方式)这个重要短语；考生一定要清楚，在复习词汇单选题的时候，出现考点叠加的地方一定要高度重视，容易命题。,3).多背搭配，同时利用经典搭配多造句子，完善语法结构。同时可以提高自己的写作水平，一举
7、两得。4).强化重点语法知识。如倒装结构、虚拟语气、比较结构、定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词等。5).深度分析已考翻译试题，全面掌握挖掘潜在考点，学会举一反三。,常见语法考点真题解析,1、从句的翻译(1)主语从句真题：(很多人没有意识到的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2009.6)答案：What many people dont realize,What的用法,1.what=just as，意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词，引导比较状语从句。惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D
8、.意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：E.g.Air is to us what water is to fish.（介词to 表示两者的关系）也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：E.g.Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint.厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词for表示“供使用”）what 引导的从句也可以放在句首，其句式是：What C is to D，that A is to B.（=A is to B what C is to D.）在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当
9、于“just as，so”结构，意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：What blood vessel is to a mans body，that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a mans body，so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。,2.what 与do with连用，意为“（怎样）处理安排或对付等”。what常有较灵活的翻译，常用结构是：“what do with sth./sb.？”或“what to do with sth.
10、/sb.”例如：What will you do with the letter？The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.,2.what 用作复合关系代词时，既可指代人又可指代物。例如：China is no longer what it used to be？中国已不是过去的中国。She is what you call a“bluestocking”。她就是你说的“女才子”。She is not what she was five years ago.她不再是5年前的她了。,3.What从句可用作宾语补足语
11、或状语。例如：We will make the factory twice what it is today.（句中的twice what it is today是动词make的宾语the factory的补足语）Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh.地心吸引力使人称得现有的重量（句中的第一个what到句末为表语从句；句末的what you weigh 是说明前面的动词weigh，系回答how much 的问题，作状语）,4.与what连用的常用句型和词组 What if？如果（假如）将会怎么样？例如：What if it is true
12、？如果这是真的又怎么样？What if a storm should come up？万一发生暴风雨怎么办？come what will（may）是固定搭配必须倒装，意为“不管发生什么事”“不管怎样”Come what will（may），I will always stand by you.She made up mind that,come what may,she would stay there.They said they would follow the Partys lead come what might.,(2)宾语从句真题：Many Americans live on cr
13、edit,and their quality of life(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的),not how much they can earn.(2007.12)答案：is measured by how much they can loan,(3)表语从句真题：In my sixties,one change I notice is that(我比以前更容易累了).(2007.12)答案：I am more likely to get tired than before,(4)定语从句真题：Medical researchers are painfully aware that ther
14、e are many problems(他们至今还没有答案)(2008.12)答案：(that/which)they havent found solution to或to which they havent found solution真题：(与我成长的地方相比),this town is more prosperous and exciting.(2008.6)答案：Compared with the place where I grew up真题：The prevention and treatment of AIDS is(我们可以合作的领域).(2007.6)答案：the field
15、 where(in which)we can cooperate,(5)状语从句真题：Leaving ones job,(不管是什么工作),is a difficult change,even for those who look forward to retiring.(2008.6)答案：whatever it is(让步状语从句)真题：I am going to pursue this course,(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲).(2007.12)答案：no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make(让步状语从句)真题：Some psych
16、ologists claim that people(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)(2006.12)答案：may feel lonely when they are away from home(时间状语从句),2.虚拟语气历年真题中涉及到虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：(1)(should)+动词原形的情形;(2)if或but for等引导的条件句;(3)wish,if only,would rather,It is(high)time that的用法。,【真题】You would not have failed if(按照我的指令去做).(2009.12)【解析】本题较为容易，按照汉语意思直译。
17、考点有两个：首先最重要的考点是if从句的虚拟语气考查；根据语法规定，如果主句中出现would+have的形式，从句中应该采用had+过去分词的结构；第二是固定搭配“按照的指令”表达为follow my instructions 或者是follow my orders 注意多样化的表达，两者选其一就可以；注意很多学生出现遗漏主语you，造成不必要的失分。【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者you had followed my orders,【真题】The victim(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital
18、 in time.(2006.12)【解析】本句考查对错综时间条件句的虚拟语气的掌握。在与过去事实相反的条件下，if引导的条件句时态是过去完成时态，主句谓语一般使用would have done。【答案】would have had a chance to survive/would have had a chance of survival,3.倒装结构倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型，重点是部分倒装，即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类：(1)否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构hardly,seldom,scarcely,never,little,no
19、where,not once,under no circumstances,in no way,no soonerthan，not onlybut also用于句首时所导致的倒装。Seldom did I go to theater,but now it is different.以前我很少去剧院，但是现在不同了。,(2)虚拟倒装。指在if引导的虚拟条件句中，将if省略，把should,had,were提至主语前，形成倒装。Were I you,Ill never promise to do that.如果我是你，绝对不会答应那么做的。(3)强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒
20、装，如：A.so 倒装句So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.他工作如此勤奋以至于经常废寝忘食。,B.以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语：only,often,thenThen did I throw myself into the chair,exhausted.然后我一屁股坐在椅子上，累死了。Only by working hard can we achieve what we want.我们只有通过努力工作才能获得想要的东西。(4)在“so+形容词that分句”结构中，如将“so+形容词”置于句首以
21、示强调时，其后的系动词be则要移到主语前面，形成主谓的完全倒装。So moved was she that she could not say a word.她感动得说不出话来。,【真题】Not only(他向我收费过高)，but he didnt do a good repair job either.(2006.6新)【解析】本题考查对倒装的掌握。解答此题需要考虑两个层次，首先是动词“收费”的对应词，应当译为“charge”。收费“过高”往往使用too much,更加巧妙的用词overcharge就可以表示“收费过高”。其次，not onlybut结构中出现了否定词前置到句首的现象，这是倒
22、装的标志。结合后半句的一般过去时形式，我们要把助动词did提出来，按照倒装形式译为did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much。【答案】did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much,翻译技巧 1.词汇层面技巧,(1)词类的转移在汉译英的过程中，因为英语中存在一些习惯用法固定搭配和短语等，这导致与汉语中的词语在词性与语义上并不总是一一对应。词性转换指的是中英文之间词性的转换，如在中文里是名词，到了英文句子中就变成了动词。这里主要包括四种情况。,名词转换成动词例如：I am going to pursu
23、e this course,(无论我做出什么牺牲).（2007.12）（“牺牲”是名词）译为：I am going to pursue this course,no matter what I will sacrifice.（“sacrifice”是动词）动词转化成名词 例如：(为了挣钱供我上学)，mother often takes on more work than is good for her.。（2006.6）（“上学”是动词）译为：To finance my education,mother often takes on more work than is good for her
24、.（“education”是名词）,名词转化成形容词 例如：I cant boot my computer now.Something(出了毛病)its operating system.（2008.6）(“毛病”是名词)I cant boot my computer now.Something must be wrong with its operating system.(“wrong”是形容词)形容词转化成名词 例如：Please come here at ten tomorrow morning(如果方便的话).（2007.6）(“方便”是形容词)译为：Please come here
25、 at ten tomorrow morning at your convenience.（“convenience”是名词）,（2）增译法例如：(大多数父母所关心的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2008.12)译为：What most parents are concerned about is providing the best education possible for their children.分析：汉语中“所关心的”实际上是指“所关心的事情”，用英语表达则使用what引导的从句。wh
26、at作concerned about 的宾语，增译what。,（3）减译法例如：The prevention and treatment of AIDS is _(我们可以合作的领域).（07.6）译为：The prevention and treatment of AIDS is the field of our cooperation.分析：此句中，所要翻译部分在句中作表语，其中“领域”为中心词，“可以合作的”是其定语，由于此定语过长，所以使用所属格of结构，并且“可以”省去不译。,（4）翻译中的选词例如：I would preper shopping online to shopping
27、 in a department store because(它更加方便和省时).（2007.12）译为：I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because the former is more convenient and time-saving.分析：此句中，所要翻译部分中“它”简单译为it则会指代不清，而译为the former则效果更好。,（5）词义的引申例如：At weekends,(人山人海)in the park.译为：At weekends,there are a large crow
28、d of people in the park.分析：如果根据句面意思直接把“人山人海”译为peoplemountainpeoplesea，外国人则很难理解，这里译为there are a large crowd of people。根据不同的语境有不同的译法。如果看到电影院门前大排长龙，可译为Thereisalongmovieline。,2.语法层面技巧,（1）词序调整法例如：(与我成长的地方相比),this town is more prosperous and exciting.(2008.6)译为：Compared with the place where I grew up,this
29、 town is more prosperous and exciting.分析：“我成长的地方”的中心词是“地方”，“我成长的”是其定语，此定语可译为英语中的定语从句where I grew up置于“地方(the place)”之后。“将.与.相比”用comparewith。,（2）语态变换法例如：Many Americans live on credit,and their quality of life(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的),not how much they can earn.(2007.12)译为：Many Americans live on credit,and the
30、ir quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow.分析：“衡量”在汉语句子中是主动形式，而翻译为英语则使用其被动形式is measured by。,（3）正说反译,反说正译法例如：He didnt sign the contract,_(对这个问题你一定要高度重视).译为：He didnt sign the contract,you cannot attach too much importance to the matter.分析：翻译出的英语句子带有cant，形式上是否定的，但是内容含义上却是肯定的。cannot/coul
31、dnttoo意为“越越好，非常，无论怎样也不过分”,（4）合并法例如：The man who stole my watch was _(不是别人，正是约翰).译为：The man who stole my watch was no other than John.分析：所翻译部分是由两个短句构成，可以合并翻译为英语中no other than表示“不是，而是”。,（5）比较结构的翻译例如：In my sixties,one change I notice is that(我比以前更容易累了).(2007.12)译为：In my sixties,one change I notice is th
32、at I am apt to/inclined to be more easily tired than before.分析：“更容易累”中心词是“累”，“更容易”是其修饰语，所以容易使用其副词形式“easily”，比较级为“more easily”。“比以前”译为than before。,练习,87 Having spent some time in the city,he had no trouble _(找到去历史博物馆的路).88 _(为了挣钱供我上学），Mother often takes on more work than is good for her.89 The profes
33、sor required that _(我们交研究报告)。90 The more you explain,_(我愈糊涂).91 Though a skilled worker,_(他被公司解雇了).2006,参考答案：,87 finding the way to the history museum88 In order to support my university studies(to finance my education)89 we hand in/submit our research report(s)90 the more confused I am91 he was fir
34、ed by the company,1.The number of the students in this city has _(增加了6倍)in comparison with 2001.2._(有些大一新生打定主意)to pursue a masters degree after undergraduate studies.3._(不管任务多么艰巨),we must fulfill it in time.4.He had understood nothing,_(也没尝试着去)understand.5._(随着时间的流逝),they forgot their bitter sufferi
35、ngs.,1.increased5 times 2.Some freshmen make up their minds 3.No matter how hard the task is However hard the task is No matter how hard the task may be However hard the task may be 4.nor did he try to 5.With the passage of time,1._(据说)the painter used his aunt as the model in that painting.2.Most o
36、f the people who die in earthquakes _(是正在倒塌的建筑物砸死的).3.Most people tend to believe that the newer,the better,_(尽管并不总是这样).4._(没有人不称赞他们)for their great accomplishment.5._(毫无疑问)he is qualified for the job.,1.It is said that2.are killed by falling buildings3.though that is not always the case4.There is n
37、o one who does not praise them5.There is no doubt that,1.This leaflet tells you _(怎样在旅行期间防止生病).2.The book is _(我够不着);would you please pass it to me?3.Im not accustomed to such luxury,_(它简直是浪费钱).4.He came to the meeting _(不顾重病).5.Then I found myself _(被许多男孩子包围着).,1.how to avoid getting ill while trav
38、eling 2.beyond my reach 3.which is just a waste of money 4.despite his serious illness in spite of his serious illness 5.surrounded by many boys,Key to translation one,1 No matter how frequently performed2 they are apt to make trouble3 Much as I admire him as a writer4 while his mind was wandering5
39、can we adapt to the society quickly 6 What he really hopes for,7 more mobile shops be set up in the residential area8 neednt have borrowed it from the bank9 It is because she is too experienced10 will be doing/conducting the experiment11 However hard some people in the audience tried to upset him12
40、whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision13 wondering about his real purpose14 followed my advice,you would not be in trouble now15 of failure to fulfill its promise to improve urban traffic conditions,Key to translation Two,1 reacts three times as fast as the other one2 or the
41、 wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church3 killing thousands upon thousands of people4 Whatever be the reasons for it5 especially in developed countries6 What makes the world develop so fast,7 absorb as much knowledge as he can 8 nowhere is education better than in college9 he wou
42、ld sooner die than do such a thing10 are students permitted to graduate in advance11 the color of our skin is due to heredity12 mainly due to stress and tension in their work13 more than two and a half million families have been lifted out of poverty14 All the members except the Chairman voted for m
43、y proposal15 providing new growth opportunities for Chinas foreign and domestic trade,训练一翻译答案,1 No matter how frequently performed2 they are apt to make trouble3 Much as I admire him as a writer4 while his mind was wandering5 can we adapt to the society quickly 6 What he really hopes for7 more mobil
44、e shops be set up in the residential area,8 neednt have borrowed it from the bank9 It is because she is too experienced10 will be doing/conducting the experiment11 However hard some people in the audience tried to upset him12 whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision13 wondering about his real purpose14 followed my advice,you would not be in trouble now15 of failure to fulfill its promise to improve urban traffic conditions,
