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1、Unit 7 formation of corporation,1.In general The formation of corporation is the process that the promoters tries to meet all the requirements in order to obtain the legal personality.,2.The conditions for the formation of corporation,There are only a few requirements for incorporation.The condition
2、s prescribed by different countries vary,but usually include:a.the corporation shall have qualified and adequate promoters b.the corporation shall have minimum legally required capital c.the promoters shall make the articles of corporation d.the corporation shall have its own corporate name and corp
3、orate structure e.the corporation shall have its corporate domicile,3.Promoters（发起人）,3.1 Definition A person who takes the initiative in developing and organizing a new business venture.3.2 The activities of promoters a.arrange necessary capital for the corporation b.obtain necessary assets and pers
4、onnel c.arrange the procedures for the formation of the corporation,The certificate of incorporation and its effect,From the date when a companys incorporation form and copies of its memorandum and article,certified to be true copies b a founder member,are registered,the company is incorporated.The
5、regisrar will issue a certificate certifying that the company is incorporated and,in the case of company whose members have limited liability,that the company is limited.,Restrictions on the choice of name,Normally,no company will be registered by a name which is the name as:a.a name appearing in th
6、e Registrars index of company name;b.that of a body corporate established under an ordinance c.the type and case of letters,accents,spaces between letters and punctution marks.,Case 2000年初，某市一有限责任公司开张，登记为“大洋时装有限责任公司”（甲公司），从事服装生产。2000年底，在离甲公司500米处又有另一家公司开业，从事服装销售，登记名称为“大洋服装商贸有限公司”（乙公司）。两家公司名称类似，顾客经常混
7、淆。为此，甲公司向法院提起诉讼，称乙侵犯其名称权。乙公司主张两家名称并非完全相同，行业也不同。甲公司为服装生产加工产业，乙公司为商品零售产业，否认自己侵权。Questions 乙公司是否构成对甲公司名称权的侵犯？,4.Articles of association（公司章程）,4.1 introduction Articles of incorporation,frequently called“corporate charter:or“certificate of incorporation,”are at the heart of the incorporation process.The
8、y must be filed with the company registration authority in order to provide certain key information to the government and to any party dealing with the corporation.,4.2 the memorandum of association（公司大纲）,Another constitutional documents of a corporation in UK and Hong Kong is memorandum of associat
9、ion.The memorandum of association contains the name of the corporation,the registered office,the objects of the corporation,the liability of its members and the amount and division of shares with which the corporation proposes to be registered,while the articles prescribe regulations for the interna
10、l management of the corporation.In UK and Hong Kong,a corporation has both memorandum and articles,while in US,these two have been combined in one document,articles of association.,5.Business scope of corporation(the objects clause),5.1 in general The corporations business scope shall be defined in
11、its articles of association and shall be registered according to law.5.2 the change of business scope The corporation may change its business scope by modifying its articles of association,but shall go through the formalities for modifying the registration.,5.3 transactions beyond business scope,a.i
12、n China(1)the transaction is effective if it needs no special permission from the government(2)the transaction is not effective if it needs special permission,b.in United States and England:(1)in history,its not effective due to the principle of Ultra Vires(越权无效原则）Historically,an act of a corporatio
13、n beyond its powers was a nullity,as it was ultra vires,which is Latin for“beyond the powers”.Therefore,any act not permitted by the corporation statute or by the corporations articles of incorporation was void due to lack of capacity.,Ashbury railway Carriage and Iron Co Ltd v.Riche A corporation w
14、as incorporated with the following objects:to make,sell,or hire railway carriages and wagons;to carry on the business of mechanical engineers and general contractors;and to purchase,lease,work,and sell mines,minerals,land and buildings.The Directors contracted to purchase a concession to build a rai
15、lway in Belgium and to provide Riche with finance for the construction of the railway.It was held that the contract was ultra vires and void.,(2)nowadays,its usually effective Today,the ultra vires doctrine is of small importance for two reasons.First,nearly all corporations have broad purpose claus
16、es,thereby preventing any ultra vires problem.Secondly,most statutes do not permit a corporation or the other party to an agreement to avoid an obligation on the ground the corporation action is ultra vires.,2003年6月，深圳某外贸公司向原告表示能介绍出口到俄罗斯的业务，但要求原告必须办理GOST认证，同时推荐被告为原告办理。此前原告的产品从未出口到俄罗斯，但俄罗斯广阔的市场需求对原告极
17、具诱惑，为了能作成这笔生意，原告和被告就GOST认证一事于2003年6月24日签订合同，原告为委托方，被告为认证方，认证费用为58000元。该合同是被告提供的格式合同，根据合同条款，作为认证方的被告应做到：1、严格按照俄罗斯产品质量认证方面的法规和国际准则，审查原告的产品质量是否符合俄罗斯检测标准；2、在收到原告交付的费用后，及时组织实施有关的产品认证活动；3、被告在作出认证评定结论后，应及时办理是否批准原告取得认证注册资格的手续。合同签订后，原告向被告支付了58000元认证费用，可不久后的7月12日，深圳特区报B1版以很大的篇幅报道了被告进行“黑认证”并与其他外贸公司涉嫌唱“双簧”骗取钱财被
18、国家认鉴委等部门查处。看到这则报道后，原告十分震惊，方知被告根本不具备认证的主体资格，其营业范围没有认证业务。知道上当后，原告急忙向法院提起诉讼，要求被告退回58000元的认证费用。,被告的营业执照上载明的经营范围是：举办实业（具体项目另行申报）；国内商业、物资供销业（不含专营、专控、专卖商品）；展览设计、信息咨询、企业形象策划（不含限制项目）；进出口业务（领取经营许可证后方可经营）。进行GOST认证并不在其经营范围之内，说明被告不具有认证机构的主体资格,法院经审理后认为，原被告双方于2003年6月23日签订的合同主要内容是被告为原告办理GOST认证，该合同是认证合同。根据产品质量认证机构认可
19、管理办法的规定，凡申请开展产品质量认证工作的机构，必须依据该办法办理手续，申请国家技术监督局批准许可并取得产品质量机构认可证书，方可实施产品质量认证工作。因此认证活动是特许经营的，经营者需经过行政主管部门严格审批，取得产品质量机构认可证书并在工商登记经营范围内注明，方可从事认证活动。而被告工商登记的营业执照上所载明的经营范围根本没有登记认证业务，故被告不具有认证资格，其认证活动超出经营范围，并违反了法律法规的强制性规定，依据合同法极其司法解释的规定，双方所签合同为无效合同，原告因履行合同而支付的认证费用58000元，被告应当退回给原告。,6.Preincorporation Contracts
20、,In common law system:英美法系 3.1 Contracts executed in the name of the promoter If the promoter enters into contract in his or her own name without referring to the corporation with the thought of subsequently assigning the contract to the corporation,personal liability on the part of the promoter cle
21、arly exists.The subsequent assignment of the contract to the corporation does not release the promoter of personal liability unless the creditor agrees,to release the promoter and look only to the corporation for performance.The release of a party to a contract when it is assumed by another is calle
22、d a novation.,6.2 Contracts entered in the name of the corporation,The promoter may sign a contract in the corporate name when in fact the corporation has not yet been formed.Many cases say that such a promoter is personally liable.If the corporation is thereafter formed and adopts the contract,the
23、promoter may argue that the corporation shall bear the liability of the transaction,but his probability of success is not very good.,Kelner v.Baxter A company was being formed to buy a hotel from K.A written contract was made on behalf of the proposed company by A,B and C for the purchase of wine fr
24、om K.The company was formed,the wine was delivered and consumed but,before payment was made,the company went into liquidation.It was held A,B and C were personally liable on the contract.,6.3 Contracts referring to the fact the corporation is not yet formed,In this case,the contract is signed by the
25、 promoter and the third party when both are aware that the corporation has not been formed.And if there is an express agreement that the man who was signing was not liable,usually the promoters are not personally liable on the contract.,In China:6.4 If the incorporation procedure fails,the promoters
26、 bear joint liabilities on the contracts.6.5 If the corporation is finally established,the corporation bears the liabilities on the contracts.,7.Defective incorporation 瑕疵设立,7.1 the reasons for defective incorporation a.the promoters have no civil capacity to form a corporation b.the incorporation d
27、oes not satisfy the requirements.,7.2 the effects of defective corporation,a.De facto corporation(事实上的公司）Failure to achieve the statutory requirements for incorporation does not lead to imposition of personal liability on the shareholders if the court believes that de facto corporation status had be
28、en achieved.The requirements for recognition of de facto status are(1)existence of a statute under which the corporation might have been validly incorporated,(2)a good faith attempt at compliance,and(3)some use or exercise of corporate status.b.Compulsory dissolution（强制解散）If the establishment of the
29、 corporation is for some illegal purpose and the incorporation procedure is not complete,the corporation will be compulsorily dissolved.,Example:cantor v.Sunshine Greenery Inc.,Plaintiffs leased one property to Sunshine Greenery,inc.The lease was signed by the president of Sunshine,Brunetti.Plaintif
30、fs knew the corporation and not Brunetti was to be liable on the contract.Sunshines articles of incorporation were mailed to the Secretary of State on December 3.The lease was not signed until December 16,but for some unexplained reason the articles of incorporation were not officially filed until D
31、ecember 18.The Landlord sought to hold Brunetti personally liable on the contract on grounds that he could not have acted in a representative capacity on behalf of an entity that did not exist.The landlord failed,as the court found de facto existence of Sunshine.,The court stated:To deny such(corpor
32、ate)existence because of a mere technicality caused by administrative delay in filing runs counter to the purpose of the de facto concept and would accomplish an unjust and inequitable result in favor of plaintiffs contrary to their own expectations.,河北石家庄市某区委书记刘某计划利用其受贿得来的30万元赃款开设一家公司，将赃款投入公司以转移注意力，但又怕他人问起款项的来历，因此，刘某将其不满18岁的儿子安排成为公司的另一股东，隐瞒其子的实际年龄，蒙蔽过关，完成了公司登记，取得了营业执照。公司设立后，刘某对外宣称公司系其外甥所有并实际由其外甥代刘某进行实际经营。其间，公司与东南公司签订货物买卖合同，东南公司如期发货，但尚未收到货款。年8月，刘某受贿一事东窗事发，被检察机关立案审查，其外甥携带公司款50万元逃逸。东南公司遂于年9月日诉至某区法院要求公司支付货款，承担违约责任。问题：1.刘某成立的公司是否符合法律规定要求，哪些地方不符合？2.东南公司的债权应该由谁来偿还？,
