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1、Specialized English,Northwest University for Nationalities,学习要求,专业词汇表达方式（句子）专业知识提升阅读英文文献能力更高要求：英文写作,Lesson 1 Careers in Civil Engineering,Civil Engineering 土木工程,Career:一生的经历；职业He is a lawyer by career.Civil 人类社会的，公民的；平民的Civil rights and civil dutiesCivil law,Engineering is a profession(专门职业),which m
2、eans that an engineer must have a specialized university education.Many government jurisdictions(政府行政区)also have licensing（许可、准许）procedures which require engineering graduates（工科毕业生）to pass an examination,similar to the bar(法庭、律师的职业)examinations for a lawyer,before they can actively start on their c
3、areers.土木工程是一个意味着工程师必须要经过专门的大学教育的职业。许多政府管辖部门还有（一套）认证程序，这一程序要求工科毕业生在他们能积极地开始（从事）他们的事业之前，通过（认证）考试,这种考试类似于律师职业里的律师考试一样。,Supervision Engineer 监理工程师Ministry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of China Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the Peoples Republic of China(住房和城乡建设部)first-grade
4、registered construction engineer 一级建造师Registered Certificate of Constructor The Peoples Republic of China 简称为 RCCPRC 国家注册一级建造师证书 Cost Engineer 造价工程师Structure Engineer 结构工程师,In the university,mathematics,physics,and chemistry are heavily emphasized(强调、加强)throughout the engineering curriculum（课程表）,but
5、 particularly in the first two or three years.Mathematics is very important in all branches(分支、门类)of engineering,so it is greatly stressed（强调、着重）.,Stress:压力、压迫;Times of stress,of trouble and danger 危难之际应力Tension stress;compression stressStress-strain diagram大学里,工科课程中着重强调数学、物理,和化学,尤其在最初的二到三年。在工科所有分支中
6、，数学非常重要,因此它很受重视。,Today,mathematics includes courses in statistics,which deals with gathering（集合）,classifying（分类）,and using numerical（数学的、数字的）data,or pieces of information.An important aspect of statistical mathematics（统计数学）is probability（概率论）,which deals with what may happen when there are different
7、 factors,or variables（变量）,that can change the results of a problem.,今天,数学包括统计学中的课程，主要涉及集合,分类,和使用数字数据,或信息。统计学中的一个重要分支是概率论，当存在着可以改变问题结果的多个不同的因素或变量时，它将论及可能发生什么情况。,Before the construction（施工）of a bridge is undertaken（着手、开始）,for example,a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic（交通量）（省略了which）t
8、he bridge will be expected to handle.例如，在承担桥梁的建设之前,运用统计研究来预计未来桥梁期望承受的交通量.,In the design of the bridge,variables such as water pressure on the foundations（基础）,impact（冲击力）,the effects of different wind forces（风力）,and many other factors must be considered.在桥梁的设计中，必须考虑(各种)变量的作用，如作用在基础上的水压,碰撞,不同的风力的作用,以及
9、许多其它因素。,Load of bridgeDead load-weight of bridgeLive load-vehicle person compact of vehiclewind forces water pressure temperature occasional load-earthquake Compact of ship or floating things,Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge(36Km)monitor of bridge healthy,1995，earthquake in Japan,Because a great deal o
10、f calculation is involved in（涉及）solving these problems,computer programming（计算机编程）is now included in almost all engineering curricula（课程表）.Computers,of course,can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy（精确）than a human being can.But computers are useless unless the
11、y are given clear and accurate instructions（指令）and informationin other words,a good program.由于解决这些问题涉及大量的计算,现在几乎所有工科课程中都包括计算机编程。当然,计算机能比人类以更快的速度和准确性解决许多问题。但如果不给计算机准确清楚的指令和信息，换句话说，即使是一个好程序，它也是无用的。,In spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects（技术科目）in the engineering curriculum,a current trend
12、is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language art.The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer;it is sufficient（足够的、充分的）,therefore,to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he o
13、r she should be aware of（意识到）.,虽然，在工科课程中，对技术科目着重强调，但当前的趋势还是要求学生学习社会科学和语言艺术的课程。工程和社会间的关系变得更加紧密;因此,再一次充分说明,工程师应该意识到他负责（承担）的工程在许多不同而重要的方面影响社会。,Sui dynasty（618）The twelfth milestone in history of the international civil engineering,An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language to be able to pr
14、epare reports that are clear and,in many cases,persuasive（有说服力的）.An engineer engaged in（参加）research will need to be able to write up（整理）his or her findings for scientific publications（科学刊物）.工程师也需要一种很肯定（自信）语言表达方式来准备报告，这个报告要清楚明了，且在多数情况下,是令人信服的。参与研究的工程师要能为科学出版物详细描述他或她的发现。,The last two years of an engin
15、eering program include subjects（学科）within the students field of specialization（专业）.For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer（土木工程师）,these specialized courses（专业课）may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying(大地测量学),soil mechanics（土力学）,or hydraulics（水利学）.最后两年的工科课程计划包括学生专业领域的学科。为
16、准备使学生成为一名土木工程师,这些专业课程可能会涉及诸如大地测量、土力学，或水力学等方面。,Road constructional materialsSubgrade and pavement engineeringRoad surveying and designBridge engineeringTunnel engineering,Active recruiting（招聘）for engineers often begins before the students last year in the university.Many different corporations（股份有限）公
17、司）and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years.In the science-oriented（注重科学）society of today,people who have technical training are,of course,in demand.,大学生在校的最后一年之前，招聘工程师的工作就已经开始了。近年来，许多不同的企业和政府机构为工程师招聘服务展开竞争。今天在这个重视科学技术的社会中，受过技术训练的人当然是受欢迎的。,Orient:orientate v
18、t.使(建筑物)朝向东方；使认清形势 adj.东方的 the orient sun(朝阳),Young engineers may choose to go into environmental（环境的）or sanitary（卫生的）engineering,for example,where environmental concerns have created many openings（就业机会）;or they may choose construction firms that specialize in（专攻、专门研究）highway（公路）work;or they may pre
19、fer to（喜欢）work with one of the government agencies deals with water resources.Indeed,the choice is large and varied.年轻工程师也许选择进入环境或卫生工程领域工作,例如,在环境问题方面创造的许多就业机会;或他们也许选择专门的高速公路工程的建筑公司;或他们也许喜欢与政府机构当中处理水资源的机构之一共事。的确,就业的选择多种多样。,When the young engineer has finally started actual practice,the theoretical(理论
20、的)knowledge acquired in the university must be applied.He or she will probably be assigned（分配、指派）at the beginning to work with a team of engineers.Thus,on-the-job(在现场的)training can be acquired that will demonstrate（证明、演示）his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors（主管者、负责人
21、）.,当年轻工程师最终开始了真正的实践,必须要运用大学中所学到的理论知识。最初，他或她可能会被分配到与工程队中，与他们合作。这样可以得到现场的培训，可以使负责人了解他（她）将理论转化为实践的能力。,The civil engineers may work in research,design,construction supervision（施工管理、监理）,maintenance（养护、维修）,or even in sales or management.Each of these areas involves different duties,different emphases,and
22、different uses of the engineers knowledge and experience.土木工程师可能在研究、设计、施工管理、养护或者甚至销售或管理单位工作。每一个工作领域都涉及不同的职责，不同的着重点以及运用不同的工程理论和经验。,construction firms that specialize in highwayDesign institute(Anhui Comunications Consulting and Design Institute)Project management Anhui Provincial Comunications Invest
23、ment Group Co.,LTD.Anhui Expressway holding Group Co.,LTD.Private enterprisescientific research（University,scientific research institute）Sales(new materials,equipment),Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice.A researcher usually works as a member of a tea
24、m with other scientists and engineers.He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed（投资于）by government or industry.研究是科学和工程实践当中最重要的一个方面。研究员通常作为一个团队的成员与其它科学家和工程师一起合作。他或她经常受雇于政府或企业提供经费的实验室。,Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization（加
25、固、稳定）techniques,and also the development and testing of new structural materials（建筑材料）.与土木工程相关的研究领域包括土力学和土壤加固技术,并且还包括新结构材料的开发和实验。Lime stabilization soil石灰稳定土Lime modified soil石灰改善土,Cement stabilization soil水泥稳定土Cement bound granular materials水泥稳定碎石,Asphalt pavement with semi-rigid base course,Civil
26、engineering projects are almost always unique;that is,each has its own problem and design features.Therefore,careful study is given to each project even before design work begins.土木工程项目几乎是唯一（独一）的;就是说，每个工程有它自己的难题和设计特点。所以,在设计工作开始以前，要仔细的研究每个项目。,Tongling-tangkou freeway174Km，8.15billion,The study includ
27、es a survey（测量、调查）both of topographical（地形的）and subsoil（地基土、天然地基）features of the proposed site.It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives（比选方案）,such as concrete gravity dam（水泥混凝土重力坝）or earth-fill embankment dam（填土路堤坝）.研究包括勘测工程位置的地形和地基特点。它还包括考虑可能的比选方案,譬如混凝土重力式坝或填土的土石坝。,The economic fac
28、tors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed（称重量、估计、重视）.Today,a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact（环境影响）of project.Many engineers,usually working as a team that includes surveyors（测量员）,specialists in soil mechanics,and experts in design and
29、construction,are involved in making these feasibility studies（可行性研究）.,与每个可能的比选方案有关的经济因素也必须斟酌。今天,研究通常包括项目环境影响的考虑。通常很多工程师组成小组来完成可行性研究，小组中 包括测量员、土力学专家、施工和设计方面的专家。,Many civil engineers,among them the top people（顶尖人物）in field,work in design.As we have seen,civil engineers work on many different kinds of
30、structures,so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in（成为专家、专攻、专门研究）just one kind.In designing buildings,engineers often work as consultants（顾问、专家）to architectural（建筑的）or construction（施工）firms.许多土木工程师在设计领域工作,他们中的许多人是这个行业的佼佼者。正如我们所见，土木工程师研究许多不同的结构,因此对工程师来说，专门研究一类结构是通常的做法（一般的惯例）。在建筑设计中,工
31、程师经常作为建筑或结构公司的顾问。,Dams,bridges,water supply systems,and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated（使平等、使协调）by a system engineer who is in charge of（负责）the entire project.In many cases,engineers from other disciplines（学科、科目）are involved.水坝、桥梁、给水系统,和其它大项目通常聘用几位系
32、统工程师（总工程师），他们的工作是协助负责整个项目。在许多情况下,也需要（涉及）其它学科的工程师。,In a dam project,for example,electrical（电器的）and mechanical（机械的）engineers work on the design of the powerhouse(发电厂、动力间)and its equipment.例如,在水坝项目中,电子和机械工程师负责发电站及其设备的设计。,In other cases,civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field;
33、in the space program,for instance,civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads（发射台）and rocket storage facilities（火箭库）.在其它情况下,土木工程师被分配到其它领域的项目上工作;例如,在空间项目中,需要土木工程师设计和施工诸如发射台和火箭存贮设施这样的结构。,Construction is a complicated（复杂的）process on almost all engi
34、neering projects.It involves scheduling（安排、计划）the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs(造价)are kept as low as possible.在几乎所有土木工程项目中，施工是复杂的过程。它包括项目的进度安排和设备的使用以及材料，以便使得造价尽可能降低。,Safety factors must also be taken into account（考虑）,since construction can be very dangerous.Many c
35、ivil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase（施工阶段）.必须考虑安全因素，因为施工很危险。许多土木工程师因此专门研究施工阶段。,，subway in Hangzhou,了解现代建筑和建筑材料的发展史 了解常用建筑及建筑材料的性能、优缺点 熟悉各种建筑及建筑材料的词汇 熟悉科技类文献常用句型 熟悉develop的多种用法,教学目标,Lesson 2 Modern Buildings and Structural Materials,Many great buildings built in earlier ages
36、are still in existence and in use.Among them are the Pantheon(潘提翁神庙)and the Colosseum（罗马大斗兽场）in Rome，Hagia Sophia（圣索菲亚教堂）in Istanbul（伊斯坦布尔）；the Gothic（哥特式的、尖拱式的）churches of France and England，and the Renaissance（再生、复兴）cathedrals（教堂），with their great domes(圆屋顶、穹顶)，like the Duomo（大教堂）in Florence and S
37、t.Peters in Rome.许多伟大的建筑很早就修建了，现在仍然还存在并在使用中。在他们之中就包括希腊的帕提侬神庙和罗马的角斗场，伊斯坦布尔的圣索非亚教堂;法国和英国哥特式教会,和有着宏伟圆顶的文艺复兴时期大教堂,如佛罗伦萨的中央寺院和罗马的圣彼得大教堂。,Western ancient architecture,Ancient Greek architecture styleAncient Rome architecture styleByzantine architecture styleGothic architecture style,ancient Greek,Acropoli
38、s of Athens 5th century B.C,HarmoniousPerfectlofty,边城,Pantheon(潘提翁神庙)in Rome,B.C.120-124,古罗马建筑一般以厚实的砖石墙、半圆形拱券、逐层挑出的门框装饰和交叉拱顶结构为主要特点。,Colosseum（罗马大斗兽厂）in Rome,80ancient Rome,Hagia Sophia in Istanbul,Byzantine,Byzantine architecture style,特点：屋顶普遍使用“穹窿顶”；整体造型中心突出；色彩的使用上，内部空间与外部立面显得灿烂夺目。,the Gothic（哥特式的
39、、尖拱式的）churches of France and England,the Notre Dame Cathedral,哥特式建筑是11世纪下半叶起源于法国，1315世纪流行于欧洲。主要见于天主教堂。特点：尖塔高耸、尖形拱门、大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃。,the Gothic churches,Kelong in German,St.Peters in Rome,Renaissance cathedrals。,Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano,They are massive（块状的、结实的）structures with thick stone w
40、alls that counteract（抵抗、抵消）the thrust（推力、侧向压力）of their,great weight.Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts.他们是使用厚重石头墙体来抵消他们巨大自重的巨型结构。轴向压力来自于结构的其它部份对它的传导。轴向压力是由结构的其它部份施加的。,These great buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics.They we
41、re constructed instead on the basis of experience and observation，often as the result of trial（尝试、试验）and error.这些伟大的建筑不是数学和物理知识的产物,而是根据经验和观察建造的,经常是不断摸索的产物。,One of the reasons they have survived is because of the great strength（强度）that was built into them-strength greater than necessary in most cases
42、.他们依然存在的原因之一是由于具备高强度，它们被修建得能承受很大的强度，在许多情况下大于它们需要的强度。,But the engineers of earlier times also had their failure.In Rome，for example，most of the people lived in insula（建筑群、群屋），great tenement（公寓）blocks that were often ten stories high.Many of them were poorly constructed and some times collapsed（倒塌）wit
43、h considerable（大量的、相当的）loss of life.但更早时期的工程师也有过失败。例如,在罗马,大多数人民居住在公寓里,大的经济公寓经常有十层楼高。许多修建得很拙劣且有时倒塌造成了了相当大的财产或生命损失。,Today,however,the engineer has the advantage not only of empirical（完全根据经验的,经验主义的）information,but also of scientific data that permit him to make careful calculations in advance（提前，预先）.Wh
44、en a modern engineer plans a structure,he takes into account（考虑、注意）the total weight of all its component materials.This is known as the dead load（恒载）,which is the weight of the structure itself.然而，今天工程师不仅有经验信息的优势，而且还有科学数据，允许他在事先进行仔细的计算。当现代工程师设计一个结构时，他要考虑所有组成材料的总重量。这就是所说的恒载，它是结构自身的重量。,He must also co
45、nsider the live load（动载）,the weight of all the people,cars,furniture（家具、器具）,machines,and so on that the structure will support when it is in use.In structures such as bridges that will handle fast automobile traffic,he must consider the impact（冲击力）,the force at which the live load will be exerted(施加
46、)on the structure.He must also determine the safety factor（安全系数）,that is,an additional capability to make the structure stronger than the combination of the three other factors.,他也必须考虑动载，也就是结构物在使用期间所承受的人群荷载、车辆、器具、机械等的重量。结构，比如桥梁将要承受高速的汽车通行（行使），他必须考虑冲力力，这个力是活载作用在结构上的。,他必须确定安全系数，也就是高于这三种力综合作用的富余强度。,The
47、 modern engineer must also understand the different stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject（使遭受、使经历）.These include the opposite forces of compression（受压）and tension（受拉）.In compression the material is pressed（压、压迫）or pushed together;in tension the material is pulled apart（撕开）or str
48、etched（展开、拉长）,like a rubber band（橡胶带）.现代工程师还要知道结构中材料承受的不同的力。这些力包括压力和拉力这对互反的力。受压时，材料受到挤压或是被推倒一起；受拉时，材料就像橡皮圈一样被撕开或是被拉长。,In the Fig.2.1,the top surface is concave（凹形的）,or bent inward,and the material in it is in compression.The bottom surface is convex(凸形的),or bent outward,and the material in it is in
49、tension.,When a saw(锯)cuts easily through a piece of wood,the wood is in tension（受拉）,but when the saw begins to bind（夹住）,the wood is in compression because the fibers in it are being pushed together.,当用锯毫不费力地锯开一块木头时，木头是受拉的，而当锯开始被夹住时，木头是受压的，因为木头的纤维被挤到一起了。,In addition to tension and compression,anothe
50、r force is at work,namely shear（剪切力）,which we defined as the tendency of a material to fracture（破裂、断裂）along the lines of stress.除了拉力和压力以外，还有另一种力作用于结构上，也就是剪力，我们定义使材料趋于沿着力的作用线断裂的力为剪力。,The shear might occur in a vertical plane（平面）,but it also might run along the horizontal axis（水平轴）of the beam（梁）,the n
