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1、1,英译汉,将一篇120150 词的一般性题材的英语段落在30分钟内翻译成汉语,三个阶段,正确理解表达的基础,词汇意义句子结构,表达方法,直译意译直译意译音译形译,翻译技巧,省略法增词法转译法重复法分译法正反译法语序调整语态调整,一般来说，尽可能用直译，保持原文内容，保证语句通顺，,No addition of informationNo miss of informationNo distortion of information,确切表达,准确恰当得体,校对,2,省略法,由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方法、修辞手段等方面的不同，为了使译文更加精炼，更符合汉语的表达习惯，有时需要省略部分词
2、语。省略的部分应是一些可有可无的或译出后显得累赘的词。冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词、指示代词)、关系副词等在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现。They have compiled a great mass of statistical data on which they can draw to answer all sorts of inquiries.他们编辑了大量的统计资料，可供用来回答各种咨询。Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet
3、been settled.也许你忘记了七月份的购货帐还没有结算呢。These developing countries cover vast territories,encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。When it is dark in the east,it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有
4、北方。,3,增词法,为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文更通顺完整，更符合汉语的表达习惯，必须按语义、修辞或句法上的需要增加一些词语。All preparation must be done well before you sign a contract.在签合同之前必须做好一切准备工作。Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electric computers.速度快、可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。The virus may survive weeks and months.这病毒可存活数星期至数月。We won
5、t retreat,we never have and never will.我们不后退，我们从来没后退过，将来也决不后退。The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one.Long when measured in miles.Long when measured in time.我来北京的旅途是漫长的。用里程衡量，它是漫长的。用时间衡量，它也是漫长的。,4,转译法,由于英汉两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，必须对原文中的某些词语进行词性转换。Independent observ
6、ers have commented favourably on the achievements you have made in this direction.有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很好的评价。We also realize the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of our country.我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门实行工业化。People in enterprises must be mathematically informed if they are to
7、 make wise decisions.企业管理人员要作出明智的决策就必须懂得数学。The computers are chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation.计算机的主要特点是准确性高，运算速度快。Are you for or against his plan?你是赞成还是反对他的计划？His advisers were reported as recommending lower taxes and higher governmental spending.据说他的顾问们建议降低税收，扩大政府开支。,5,重复法,为了
8、加强语气或表达明确、生动，使句子平衡对称或其他修辞效果，往往要在一个句子或相连的句群中重复使用同一词语或同一结构。I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.我们应该学会如何分析问题解决问题。This requires care and,for difficult problems,great experience.这需要细心，对一些难题来说，还需要丰富的经验。Big powers
9、have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.大国有大国的策略，小国也有小国的办法。They were starting from scratch and needed men,equipment,and training.他们白手起家，需要人手，需要设备，需要培训。,6,分译法,由于英汉两种语言在语法结构和表达习惯等方面存在较大的差异，在翻译时既要忠实于原文的意思，又要保留原文的结构，这往往会有一定的困难。因此需要改变原文的结构以保留原文的意思，这就需要把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离开来，译成另
10、一种成分。1.分译单词一个独立成分、从句或并列成分He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book,which the students are quite familiar with.他花了很多时间介绍这本书，其实没有必要，因为学生对它很熟悉。The proposal was surprisingly criticized by all walks of people.这条建议受到各阶层人民的反对，真是令人吃惊。He had seen the dictionary fly over the desk and fall at
11、length at the feet of the astonished teacher.他眼看字典飞过讲台，最后落在老师的脚边，吓了老师一跳。,7,分译法,2.分译短语一个独立成分、从句或并列成分The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing,which exhibited a superb performance and ended in a draw.外宾们观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛展示了精湛的技艺，最后打成平局。他们都看得入迷了。With the fear
12、of largely imaginary plots against his leadership,his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信，但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。The great speed of light explains why we think we see things happen at the exact moment they are happening.光速极快，这就是为什么我们认为事情正在发生的一霎那我们就看到它们发生。He,a much r
13、espected mayor,has devoted his whole life to the betterment of peoples life.作为一位深受尊敬的市长，他把一生都献给了为人民谋福利的事业。,8,分译法,3.分译从句一个独立单句、壮语从句或并列分句He told me of his experiences such as I had never heard before.他给我讲了他的经历，这些经历我以前从未听说过。The university has enrolled 40 students from the poverty-stricken areas who the
14、y hope will make contributions to their hometown.这所大学从贫困地区招收了40名学生，希望他们将来为家乡作贡献。That you have had words with the manager is no reason to damage the property of the company.你和经理吵了架，但这并不能成为损坏公司财产的理由。Our final decision is that Mr.Wang goes to the headquarters to give a detailed report.我们最后作出决定，派王先生去总部作
15、详细的汇报。We will adopt his suggestion that the leading body be reorganized as soon as possible.我们将采纳他的建议，尽快改组领导班子。,9,正说反译反说正译,从语法角度讲，否定包括：完全否定、部分否定、双重否定、含否定意义的词或短语。从翻译角度讲，为了使译文忠实于原文且又符合表达习惯，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法译成否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法译成肯定说法。英语词句中含有否定词never,not,no，否定前后缀如in-,-less等；汉语词句中含有否定词“不、未、别、莫、勿等成分的为反说，不含这些成分的为
16、正说。1、肯定译否定The above facts insist on the following conclusions.上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论。Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无需考虑道德问题。,10,2、否定译肯定She
17、wont go away until you promise to help her.她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走。He never spared himself and so he made me work hard.他总是拼命干，所以我也只好拼命干。Dont make your conclusion before the end of the year.到年底再下结论吧！3、双重否定译肯定There can be no sunshine without shadow.有阳光就有阴影。There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。4、部分否定A
18、ll that flatter you too much are not faithful friend.吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。Both children are not clever.并非两个孩子都聪明。,正说反译反说正译,11,词序调整,在翻译时，对词序作必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是纯粹的 颠倒词序或倒装。There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people我参观了一些地方，遇到了一些人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。He drinks half a bottle of
19、 beer with each of his meals.每餐饭他都要喝半瓶啤酒。He is not happy,though he is rich.他虽富有，但不幸福。He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.要不是他那时没有钱，他会帮助我们的。Our whole physical universe,when reduced to the simplest terms,is made up of two things,energy and matter.如果用最简单的话来说，整个物质世界是由两样东西组
20、成的，即能量和物质。,12,英语大量使用被动语态，而汉语则很少使用，即便使用，也不像英语那样有固定或比较统一的构成形式。因此在英汉翻译时，要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道而自然。The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.虽然我们看不见原子结构，但能准确地描述它。A national link-up of computers could mean that a large amount of information will be supplied to anyone w
21、ho uses the system.把全国的电脑连接起来意味着可以向任何使用该系统的人提供大量的信息。The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult,so we must get well prepared for it.即将举行的物理考试据说相当难，所以我们必须做好充分准备。,语态变换,13,In general,our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man be
22、comes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and“human-relations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his w
23、ork and that he is bored with it.In fact,the blue and the white collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.,14,总的说来，我们的社会正在逐步变成一个官僚主义管理体制下的大型企业，其中人成为机器上的一个润滑良好的小齿轮，需要靠不断增加工资、改善厂房的通风状况及播放轻音乐，以及通过心理疏导和人际关系指导，才能正常运转。但所有这些润滑作用却不能改变
24、人的软弱无力。他们没有全心全意地投入工作，并对工作感到厌倦了。事实上，蓝领和白领工人已变成了由自动机器和官僚主义管理体系操纵着的经济木偶。,15,短文写作,在规定的时间内能够根据所给的提纲、情景或图、表按要求写出一篇120词以上的短文。所写短文要求主题明确，条理清楚，语言比较规范。,评分标准,切题，能正确表达思想语意连贯，文章基本通顺无重大语言错误,内容,语言,短文写作是一种综合能力很强的语言技能，涉及到:1）对语言知识的掌握程度2）使用语言知识的熟练程度3）基本的写作技巧4）个人的阅历和知识面为了在有限的时间内使写作能力有所提高，需要注意：1）掌握一定量的常用词汇2）掌握一定量的常用句型 3
25、）多读范文，多实践,构成短文的主要成分,16,三类句子,简单句并列句复合句,五种句型,主语+不及物动词 主语+及物动词+宾语主语+系动词+表语主语+及物动词+宾语+补语主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,常见错误,1.主谓数的不一致2.时态使用错误或相互照应不一致3.代词指代不一致4.结构不一致5.不能正确使用语态或被动语态结构错误6.非谓语动词使用不当7.连词误用或缺少连词8.非连接成分错误（独立分词结构与主句的主语不一致）9.非完整句10.词性或词义误用11.搭配错误12.修饰语错位,17,常见错误举例,1.The manager,rather than the employees,are
26、 responsible for it.2.a)College graduates take a good position,a handsome salary and a satisfactory working condition into consideration when they chose a job.b)When he arrived,the play already started twenty minutes before.3.Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm,and eventually you may
27、 get a serious disease from its effect.4.In the teaching of mathematics,the way of instruction is generally traditional,with teachers presenting formal lectures and students take notes.5.The idea that learning is a lifelong process has expressed by philosophers and educationalists throughout the cen
28、turies.6.When I returned home I found the window open and something stealing.,18,常见错误举例,7.a)Although Professor Greens lectures usually ran over the fifty-minute period,but none of his students ever objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.b)The air in the countryside is f
29、resh,many people like to live there.8.admitted,his tuition will cost him five hundred dollars a semester.9.Second,because people rely heavily on the computer to do their routine work.10.With the rapid development of national economic,the peoples living conditions have been greatly improved.11.Becaus
30、e of the recent accidents,our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.12.People who write letters frequently recount the same experience to different people.,19,三原则,一致性,连贯性,使用词、词组连接上下文使用句子连接上下文使用过渡词连接上下文,条理性,句与句之间,段与段之间,使用过渡词衔接上下段使用语义呼应连接上下段
31、,依重要次重要或依次重要重要的顺序按时间或空间的顺序按归纳法（总分法）或演绎法（分总法）,说明文常用技巧,定义法分类法举例法,议论文常用技巧,因果法类比法列举法比较与对比法,20,1.Competitiona.Competition makes people original and creative.b.Meanwhile,competition produces better things.c.Society,through competition,has developed a lot.,2.Limited Source of Foresta.过去人们以为木材是用之不尽的。b.实际上森林
32、是非常有限的。c.应该采取积极有效的措施保护有限的森林资源。,3.Work and Recreationa.工作与娱乐的关系b.你工作后的娱乐c.娱乐对你的工作所起的作用,4.Good HealthWrite a composition of no less than 150 words and your composition should start with the given sentence“The desire for good health is universal.”,提纲、情景作文,21,短文的结构,短文,开头段(introduction),中间段(body),结尾段(con
33、clusion),主题句(topic sentence)扩展句(supporting sentences)结尾句(concluding sentence),Topic sentence=topic+controlling ideaIndependence is very important in our lives,话题统领全段，限定主题对全段的内容进行限定主题句不但可以凝炼段落的中心内容，还可以确定段落的展开方式。,topic,controlling idea,陈述主题，提出观点,22,ExamplesFactsEvidenceStatisticsPhysical descriptionPe
34、rsonal experience,写作模式,23,主题句Gold,a precious metal,is prized for two important characteristics.扩展句(1)First of all,gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.Therefore,it is suitable for jewelry,coins,and ornamental purposes.扩展句(2)Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautif
35、ul forever.For example,a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago.扩展句(3)Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.For many years,it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications.扩展句(4)The most rec
36、ent use of gold is in astronauts suits.Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship.结尾句In conclusion,gold is treasured not only for its beauty,but also for its utility.,24,1.首先陈述人们对所要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那个看法。这种方式多用于有争议性的主题。如Some persons say that love makes t
37、he world go round.Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isnt love;its money.But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round.Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy,which in turn
38、 is used to seek more food to grow,to reproduce and to survive.On this cycle all life depends.,如何开头,万事开头难。Well begun,half done.,25,2.首先陈述某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题，然后对此加以评论。这种方式多用于对某种社会现象、倾向或问题进行剖析的文章。如Here and there across the country are coming reports that government officials,even senior officials,have been
39、 punished for corruption.Some were sentenced for taking bribes,others executed for embezzling funds.In Beijing alone nearly 60,000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1993.Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years not only in scope but also in magnitude.,26,3.巧妙地
40、引用与主题有关的名人名言、格言警句，或有代表性的观点等来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点。如Education is not complete with graduation.Such is the opinion of Mortimer J.Adler,a great American philosopher.Now more and more people share his opinion.No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate;and no one should be conte
41、nt to simply end his education with high school education or college education.Education is a lifetime study.,4.从讲一个故事入手，从而提出文章要讨论的主题，这样还可以引起读者的兴趣。如Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother.As she failed to offer the required amount
42、of cash as price to save her drowning son,the woman at last watched her son sink to death.The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV,and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.,27,5.比较过去和现在对某种现象、倾向或问题的不同态度和看法，提出文章要讨论的主题。如It is a traditional cust
43、om for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren.In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly.But in the recent years,the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction.According to a study in 1994,52 percent of Chinese elder
44、ly were living alone in their won houses or in nursing homes in big cities.As against nearly zero in 1954.Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children?,28,6.提出一个与要讨论的主题相关的问题，然后通过对该问题的分析回答来阐明主题，这样开头可以一下子激发起读者的兴趣。如What does it take to succeed in ones studies or career?
45、Opinions vary widely.Given approximately equal circumstances,some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luckbeing in the right place and the right time.Others speak of utter devotion to work,combined with a degree of ruthlessness.Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how
46、 much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.,29,如何结尾,1.循着前面正文段中对短文主题的讨论分析，对全文进行概括和总结，以揭示主题。如In conclusion,health is more important than wealth.Those who are rich but lose their health are no more happy and fortunate than those who are poor.If you want your wish to come t
47、rue,health is the most important ingredient of your success.,2.引用与主题相关的名人名言或富有哲理的话来结束全文。如Adler is correct in his assertion that education does not end with graduation.Education can be obtained at any age and at any place.A persons education is the most important aspect of his life,and it should be t
48、he individuals responsibility to develop to develop and continue his education,not his colleges.College can only teach;learning must be done by a person himself.,30,3.预测如果所讨论的问题不解决，或不采取某种行动的话，将会产生什么样的后果。如It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to pun
49、ish whoever takes bribes or embezzles funds.For present official corruption,if permitted to continue,will not only tarnish the governments popularity,but lead to its ultimate downfall.,4.呼吁人们行动起来，或敦促采取行动，或提请注意某个问题。如As world population is exploding at an incredible rate and will increase faster than
50、the supplies of raw materials,it is necessary that steps should be taken to stabilize world population in the next fifty years.This is a matter of life and deatha matter no country can afford to ignore.,31,5.对正文中所讨论的问题提出建议或具体的解决办法。如Conservation should,therefore,be made a part of everyones daily life
